简介：Themostsignificantdifferencesbetweencontinuousweldedrails(CWRs)andgeneralsplit-typeconnectorsareaxialcompressioninthelongitudinaldirection,bucklingstabilityandotherissuesgeneratedundertheinfluenceofthermaleffect.Underthermaleffect,adynamicalbehaviorsimilartothatofabeamfixedontwosidesoccursinthecentrallockedareaoftheweldedrail,asthereisaxialcompressionbutnopossibilityofsliding.Continuousweldedrailsdonotcontractorexpand,andaresupportedbythedynamicalsystemmadeupofballastsandrailclips.Therail-supportsystemmentionedabovehasthefeaturesofnon-uniformmaterialdistributionanduncertaintyofconstructionquality.Duetothesefacts,thedynamicsmethodbasedonthelinearelastichypothesiscannotcorrectlyevaluatetherail'sbucklingconditions.ThisstudyisaimedatapplyingFiniteDifferenceMethod(FDM)andMonteCarloRandomNormalVariablesMethodtotheanalysisofweldedrail'sbucklingbehaviorduringthetrain'saccelerationanddeceleration,underthermaleffectanduncertainfactorsofballastandrailclips.Theanalysisresultshowedthatbucklingoccursunderthecombinedeffectofthermaleffectandthetrain'sdecelerationforceco-effectandthevarianceratioofballastandrailclipsisover0.85,orunderthecombinedeffectofthermaleffectandthetrain'saccelerationforcewhenthevarianceratioisover0.88.
简介：Lateralorganizationanddynamicsoflipidsinplasmamembranesarecrucialforseveralcellularprocessessuchassignaltransductionacrossthemembraneandstillremainelusive.Inthispaper,usingcoarse-grainedmoleculardynamicssimulation,wetheoreticallystudythecombinedeffectsofheadgroupchargeandtailunsaturationoflipidsonthelateralorganizationanddiffusionoflipidsinternarylipidbilayers.Inneutralternarylipidbilayerscomposedofsaturatedlipids,unsaturatedlipids,andcholesterols,undertheconditionsofgiventemperatureandcomponents,themainfactorforthephaseseparationistheunsaturationofunsaturatedlipidsandthebilayerscanbeseparatedintoliquid-ordereddomainsenrichedinsaturatedlipidsandcholesterolsandliquid-disordereddomainsenrichedinunsaturatedlipids.Oncetheheadgroupchargeisintroduced,theelectrostaticrepulsionbetweenthenegativelychargedlipidheadgroupswillincreasethedistancebetweenthechargedlipids.Wefindthatthelateralorganizationanddiffusionofthelipidsinthe(partially)chargedternarylipidbilayersaredeterminedbythecompetitionbetweentheheadgroupchargeandtheunsaturationoftheunsaturatedlipids.Inthebilayerscontainingunsaturatedlipidswithlowerunsaturation,theheadgroupchargeplaysacrucialroleinthelateralorganizationanddiffusionoflipids.Theheadgroupchargemaymakethelipiddomainsunstableandevencansuppressphaseseparationofthelipidsinsomesystems.However,inthebilayerscontaininghighlyunsaturatedlipids,thelateralorganizationanddiffusionoflipidsaremainlydominatedbytheunsaturationoftheunsaturatedlipids.Thisworkmayprovidesometheoreticalinsightsintounderstandingtheformationofnanosizeddomainsandlateraldiffusionoflipidsinplasmamembranes.
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