简介：Regulatingserotoninexpressioncanbeusedtotreatpsychoticdepression.Mifepristone,aglucocorticoidreceptorantagonist,isaneffectivecandidateforpsychoticdepressiontreatment.However,theunderlyingmechanismrelatedtoserotonintransporterexpressionispoorlyunderstood.Inthisstudy,weclonedthehumanbrainserotonintransporterintoXenopusoocytes,toestablishaninvitroexpressionsystem.Two-electrodevoltageclamprecordingswereusedtodetectserotonintransporteractivity.Ourresultsshowthatmifepristoneattenuatesserotonintransporteractivitybydirectlyinhibitingtheserotonintransporter,andsuggeststhattheserotonintransporterisapharmacologicaltargetofmifepristoneforthetreatmentofpsychoticdepression.

简介：Cancertreatmentssuchaschemotherapyandradiotherapyarewidelyusedtotreatprimaryandmetastaticcancers.Epidemiologicalstudieshavedemonstratedthatthesetypesoftreatmentcaneffectivelyandsuccessfullyextendthelifespanofcancerpatients,buttheyarealso

简介：Thebraincontrolsvirtuallyallbodyfunctions,bothinternallyandininteractionwiththeexternalenvironment.Asthebasicbodyanatomyofallvertebrateshasabilateralsymmetry,structuresandfunctionsofvertebratebrainsarealsoorganizedaccordingtothisfundamentalanatomicalprincipletomeetallsensory,motor,andinternalrequirementsofbodycontrol.Consequently,particularpartsorfunctionsofthebodyarecontrolledbyparticularbrainstructures.Formammalswhosebrainsonlyhaveaverylimitedcapacityto

简介：

简介：OBJECTIVETheaimofthisanalysiswastoassessshort-termandlong-termoutcomeswithrespecttothepreservationoffacialandauditorynervefunctionfollowingsurgeryforsporadicvestibularsehwannomas.MATERIALANDMETHODSThestudyincluded220consecutivepatientsoperatedonwiththeretrosigmoid（217）ortranslabyrinthine（3）approach.Themeanextrameataldiameterofthetumorwas30mm.In217patients,grosstotalresectionwasperformedandnear-totalin3.Beforesurgery,thefacialnerve（CNVII）weaknesswasfoundin18%ofpatientsandonly20%hadserviceablehearing.IntraoperativeneurophysiologicalCNVIImonitoringwasroutinelyused（thelast211procedures）.Intraoperativemonitoringofthecochlearnervefunctionwasusedwhenthepreservationofhearingwasattempted（45procedures）.RESULTSTherateofCNVIIcontinuitylossduringsurgerywas11%,however,thisdecreasedto6%inthesecondhalfoftheseries.Facialnervefunctiondeteriorated,in88%ofthepatientsshortlyaftersurgery.However,itimprovedin87%infollow-up.DelayedCNVIIpalsywasfoundin5%ofthepatientsandhadagoodprognosisin88%.FinalsatisfactoryCNVIIfunction（CNVII-SF,HBgradesⅠ-Ⅲ）wasachievedin76%ofthepatientswhenexcludingtheanastomosisresults,and87%whenincludingthem.Inrecentyears,therateofCNVII-SFhasrisento94%.Non-serviceablehearingwaspreservedin49%ofthepatients,onwhomitwasattempted.CONCLUSIONConsideringthesizeofthetumorsandextentoftheresections,thepreservationofCNVIIfunctioniscurrentlyveryhigh.AclosesurveillanceofCNVIIfunctionevolutionfollowingsurgeryismandatory,as2/3ofthepatientsdischargedwithdeepparesiswillneeddifferentfacereanimationprocedures.Thepreservationofusefulhearingisstillproblematic,especiallyinpatientswithlargetumor.

简介：BACKGROUND:Recentstudieshaveindicatedthatblood-brainbarrier(BBB)disruptionfollowingsu-barachnoidhemorrhage(SAH)significantlycorrelateswiththedevelopmentofbraininjuryandpoorprognosisofpatientssubjectedtoSAH.OBJECTIVE:ToinvestigatebothfunctionalandstructuralchangesrelatedtoBBBinvariousphasesafterSAHinratsthroughquantitativeandqualitativemethods.DESIGN,TIMEANDSETTING:Thisexperiment,acompletelyrandomizeddesignandcontrolledex-periment,wasperformedattheDepartmentofNeurosurgery,theSecondAffiliatedHospitalofChongqingUniversityofMedicalSciencesfromJune2006toMarch2007.MATERIALS:Atotalof128female,healthy,Sprague-Dawleyratswereselectedforthisstudy.Mainreagentsandinstruments:EvansBluedye(SigmaCompany,USA),fluorescencespectrophotometer(ShimadzuCompany,Japan),andtransmissionelectronmicroscope(OlympusCompany,Japan).METHODS:Theincluded128ratswererandomlydividedintotwogroups:sham-operatedgroup(n=16)andSAHgroup(n=112).RatsintheSAHgroupweredividedintosevensubgroups:6,12,24,36,48,60,and72hoursafterSAH(16ratsforeachtimepoint).ExperimentalSAHwasinducedbybloodinjectionintothepre-chiasmaticcistern(300μL).Thesham-operatedgroupreceivedanequivalentvolumeofnormalsalinesolution(300μL)injectedintothesubarachnoidspace.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:Braintissuewatercontentwasdeterminedbythewet-drymethod.BBBpermeabilityinthecerebralcortexwasdeterminedbyEvansBluedyeandfluorescentspectrophotometer.TheultrastructuralchangesinBBBwereobservedwithtransmissionelectronmicroscope.RESULTS:Comparedwiththesham-operatedgroup,SAHinducedasignificantincreaseinbrainwatercontentbetween24and60hours(F=888.32,P<0.05).Brainwatercontentincreasedtoamaximumby36hoursafterSAH,normalizingby72hours.EvansBluecontentinthecerebralcortexofSAHgroupratsbegantoincreaseby24hoursafterSAH,pea

简介：Membranedepolarizationinducesthereleaseoftheserineproteinasetissue-typeplasminogenactivator(tPA)fromthepresynapticterminalofcerebralcorticalneurons.OnceinthesynapticcleftthistPApromotestheexocytosisandsubsequentendocyticretrievalofglutamate-containingsynapticvesicles,andregulatesthepostsynapticresponsetothepresynapticreleaseofglutamate.Indeed,tPAhasabidirectionaleffectonthecompositionofthepostsynapticdensity(PSD)thatdoesnotrequireplasmingenerationorthepresynapticreleaseofglutamate,butvariesaccordingtothebaselinelevelofneuronalactivity.Hence,ininactiveneuronstPAinducesphosphorylationandaccumulationinthePSDoftheCa~(2+)/calmodulin-dependentproteinkinaseIIα(pCaMKIIα),followedbypCaMKIIα-inducedphosphorylationandsynapticrecruitmentofGluR1-containingα-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionicacid(AMPA)receptors.Incontrast,inactiveneuronswithincreasedlevelsofpCaMKIIαinthePSDtPAinducespCaMKIIαandpGluR1dephosphorylationandtheirsubsequentremovalfromthePSD.TheseeffectsrequireactivesynapticN-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)receptorsandcyclin-dependentkinase5(Cdk5)-inducedphosphorylationoftheproteinphosphatase1(PP1)atT320.ThesedataindicatethattPAisahomeostaticregulatorofthepostsynapticresponseofcerebralcorticalneuronstothepresynapticreleaseofglutamateviabidirectionalregulationofthepCaMKIIα/PP1switchinthePSD.

简介：Nestin+neuronshavebeenshowntoexpresscholineacetyltransferase(ChAT)inthemedialseptum-diagonalbandofBrocainadultrats.Thisstudyexploredtheprojectionofnestin+neuronstotheolfactorybulbandthetimecourseofnestin+neuronsinthemedialseptum-diagonalbandofBrocainadultratsduringinjuryrecoveryafterolfactorynervetransection.Thisstudyobservedthatallnestin+neuronsweredouble-labeledwithChATinthemedialseptum-diagonalbandofBroca.Approximately53.6%ofnestin+neuronswereprojectedtotheolfactorybulbandco-labeledwithfastblue.Alargenumberofnestin+neuronswerenotpresentineachregionofthemedialseptum-diagonalbandofBroca.Nestin+neuronsinthemedialseptumandverticallimbofthediagonalbandofBrocashowedobviouscompensatoryfunction.Thenumberofnestin+neuronsdecreasedtoaminimumlaterthannestin–/ChAT+neuronsinthemedialseptum-diagonalbandofBroca.Theresultssuggestthatnestin+cholinergicneuronsmayhaveacloserconnectiontoolfactorybulbneurons.Nestin+cholinergicneuronsmayhaveastrongertolerancetoinjurythanNestin–/ChAT+neurons.Thedifferencebetweennestin+andnestin–/ChAT+neuronsduringtherecoveryprocessrequiresfurtherinvestigations.

简介：BACKGROUND:Olfactoryensheathingcelltransplantationcanactivateaxonalregenerationandenhancemyelinrepair,whicharebeneficialfortreatingdemyelinatingdiseases.OBJECTIVE:Toexploretheeffectsofolfactoryensheathingcelltransplantationonmyelinrepair,synaptophysinexpression,andmotorfunctioninaratmodelofexperimentalallergicencephalomyelitis.DESIGN,TIMEANDSETTING:Arandomized,controlledexperimentwasperformedattheLaboratoryofProvincialHospitalaffiliatedtoShandongUniversitybetweenAugust2006andSeptember2007.MATERIALS:Dibenzylamine(Hoechst33342),luxolfastblue,andrabbitanti-ratsynaptophysinantibodywereprovidedbySigma,USA.METHODS:OlfactoryensheathingcellsextractedfromneonatalWistarratswereculturedfor10-14daysandlabeledwithdibenzylamine.SpinalcordextractedfromahealthyguineapigwashomogenizedandequallymixedwithcompleteFreund'sadjuvant;thereafter,themixturewasintracutaneouslyinjectedintotwoposteriorvoixpedisofhealthymaleWistarratstoestablishmodelsofexperimentalallergicencephalomyelitis.Ratswererandomlydividedintoacontrolencephalomyelitisgroupandanolfactoryensheathingcelltransplantationgroup,36ratsineachgroup.Physiologicalsaline(2μL)oranolfactoryensheathingcellsuspension(2μL)wasseparatelyinjectedalonglateralcerebralventricleatday7post-modelinduction.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:Themigrationanddistributionofolfactoryensheathingcellswereobservedunderfluorescencemicroscopy;myelinrepairwasdetectedusinghematoxylin-eosinstainingandluxolfastbluestaining;synaptophysinexpressionwasmeasuredusingimmunohistochemicalstaining;motorfunctionwasevaluatedusingamotorfunctionscale.RESULTS:Olfactoryensheathingcellscouldsurviveinvivoandmigratetothedistalendofthetransplantfocusandspinalcord,andsurvived21days.Hematoxylin-eosinstainingandluxolfastbluestainingindicatedthatmyelininthetransplantationgroupwasintact,andtheinfla

简介：

简介：BACKGROUND:Clinicaldiagnosisofvariousneurologicaldisordersinvolvingthesensorynervesdependsprimarilyonsubjectivedescription,whichcannotbequantitativelyevaluated,andisalsolessreproducibleandspecific.QuantitativesensorytestingmethodscanovercometheseshortcomingsandiscurrentlyusedtoidentifythefunctionoftheC-andA-fibers.OBJECTIVE:Toapplythequantitativesensorytestingmethodforanalyzingchangesintemperaturesensation,cryalgesia,thermalgesia,andvibrationsenseontheskinsurfaceofhemiplegicpatientswithpost-strokeshoulder-handsyndrome,andtoanalyzetherelationshipbetweenthesechangesandshoulder-handsyndrome.DESIGN,TIMEANDSETTING:Anon-randomized,concurrent,controlstudywasperformedattheClinicandInpatientDepartmentoftheThirdXiangyaHospital,CentralSouthUniversity,betweenJune2000andApril2001.PARTICIPANTS:Thirtypost-stroke,hemiplegicpatientsweredividedintoshoulder-handsyndromeandcontrolgroups,accordingtowhetherpatientsexhibitedshoulder-handsyndrome,with15patientsineachgroup.METHODS:ATSA2001quantitativesensorytestingdevice(Medoc,Israel)wasusedforquantitativesensorytesting.Allsensorytestingemployedlimits,testingtemperaturesenseonthepalmthenareminenceandvibrationsenseonthethumbmetacarpal.Coldthresholdwas≤28℃,warmththresholdwas≥36℃,cold-evokedpainthresholdwas≤5℃,heat-evokedpainthresholdwas≥51℃,vibrationthresholdwas≥5μm/s;ifapatientmetoneoftheseitems,he/shewasconsideredtobehypoanesthesia.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:Cold,warm,cold-evokedpain,heat-evokedpainandvibrationthresholdchangesonskinfromtheparalyzedupperextremitywasmeasuredintheshoulder-handsyndromeandcontrolgroups.RESULTS:Incidenceofsensorydisabilityintheshoulder-handsyndromegroupincreasedmoresignificantlythaninthecontrolgroup(P<0.05),withtheprimarymanifestationsbeingdecreasedcoldthreshold(P<0.

简介：BACKGROUND:Theuseofacupuncturehasreceivedrecognitiontoeffectivelytreatcerebralpalsy.Moreover,musictherapycanbeusedtomodifytreatmentofcerebralpalsy.OBJECTIVE:Tostudytheeffectsofcombinedtreatmentusingacupunctureandmusictherapyongrossmotorfunctionmeasure(GMFM)ofchildrenwithcerebralpalsy,comparedwithacupuncturetreatmentalone.DESIGN,TIMEANDSETTING:Randomized,controlled,clinicalstudy.TheexperimentwasconductedinShenzhenHospitalofTraditionalChineseMedicinebetweenJanuary2007andSeptember2007.PARTICIPANTS:AllchildrenwithcerebralpalsyinthetrialwerefromtheoutpatientdepartmentofShenzhenHospitalofTraditionalChineseMedicine.Thechildrenwererandomlydividedintotwogroups:30childreninGroupBreceivedacupunctureandmusictherapy,while30childreninGroupAreceivedonlyacupuncturetherapy.METHODS:SubjectsinGroupsAandBreceivedacupuncturebasedonsyndromedifferentiation.Themainacupointswerenecessaryforallparticipants.Atfirst,flashneedlingwasappliedtotheacupoints.Fortheremainingacupoints,thetechniqueoftransverseneedlingwasappliedtotheheadacupoints,andperpendicularneedlingwasusedfortheotherpoints.Theinsertedneedlesweretwirledandthenmaintainedfor30minutes.Theneedlewastwirledforonesecondeveryother10minutes,withoutreinforcing-reducingtechniques.Thetherapywasperformedeveryotherday.Thetrialconsistedofthreeperiodseach,andlastedfor84days.SubjectsinGroupBreceivedmusictherapy.Theylistenedtomusicthattheypreferredwhileacupuncturewasbeingperformed.Followingacupuncture,theywereallowedtoperformmusicalactivities,suchaspercussion,singing,anddancing.Themusictherapywasscheduledforonehour,includinglisteningtomusicfor30minutesandmusicactivitiesfor30minutes.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:ThecomprehensivefunctionalevaluationscaleofcerebralpalsyandtheGMFMwereappliedtotestsymptomsbeforeand

简介：Theselectionofelectro-acupunctureparametersremainspoorlyunifiedbetweenclinicalstudies.Thepresentstudyobservedtheeffectsofelectro-acupuncturingRenzhong(DU26)withdifferentstimulationparametersonmotorfunctionrecoveryfollowingmiddlearteryocclusioninjuryinrats.ResultsshowedanoptimalstimulationparameterforRenzhongelectro-acupuncturethatwaslowfrequencyandmildcurrent(2Hz,1mA)significantlyimprovedcorticalexcitabilityandconductivefunction,andpromotedrecoveryinaratmodelofmotorfunctioninmiddlearteryocclusion.Frequencyhadagreaterimpactthancurrentorinteraction,andplayedacriticalroleinelectro-acupuncturetherapy.

简介：BACKGROUND:Mailuoning,aChineseherb,hasbeenwidelyusedinChinatotreatacuteischemicstroke,andthemajorcomponentexhibitsanti-oxidativeeffects.However,thepreciseanti-oxidationpathwayremainsuncertain.OBJECTIVE:TovalidatetheprotectiveeffectsofMailuoningonH2O2-inducedprimarycorticalneuroninjuryinembryonicmice.DESIGN,TIMEANDSETTING:ComparativeobservationandinvitroexperimentswereperformedattheJiangsuKeyLaboratoryforMolecularMedicinefromJanuary2008toSeptember2009.MATERIALS:Mailuoning(NanjingJinlingMedicalCompany,China),reactiveoxygenspecies(ROS)kit(BeyotimeBiotechnology,China),superoxidedismutase(SOD),Cu/ZnSODkit,malondialdehyde(MDA)kits(NanjingJiancheng,China),mitochondrialmembranepotential(GMS10013.1,GENMED,USA)andcatalaseactivityassaykit(BeyotimeBiotechnology,China)wereutilizedforthepresentstudy.METHODS:MouseembryoniccorticalneuronswereisolatedandculturedwithculturemediumcontainingH2O2(80μmol/L)and/orMailuoning(1.25μg/mL)for24hours.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:Neuronalviabilityanddeathweredetectedbymethylthiazolyltetrazdiumandflowcytometry;ROSproductionwasdeterminedbyflowcytometry;mitochondrialmembranepotentialwasdetectedusingfluorescentstaining;SODactivitywasdetectedusingamodifiednitrobluetetrazoliummethod;Cu/ZnSODandcatalaseactivitywasdetectedbyspectrophotometry;andMDAwasdeterminedusingthelipidperoxidationmethod.RESULTS:H2O2increasedROSproductionandMDAconcentration(P<0.05),anddecreasedmitochondrialmembranepotential,SOD,Cu/ZnSODandcatalaseactivity(P<0.05);thenumberofsurvivingneurons(P<0.05)wasalsoreduced.Mailuoningreversedthesechanges.CONCLUSION:MailuoningprotectsH2O2-inducedinjuryincorticalcellsbyinhibitingROSandMDA,increasingdepolarizationofmitochondrialmembrane,andenhancingSODandcatalaseactivity.

简介：BACKGROUND:Functionalmagneticresonanceimaging(fMRI)isinitiallyusedforvisualcortexlocation.However,theapplicationoffMRIininvestigatingthedevelopmentofvisualpathwaylesionsneedstobefurtherobserved.OBJECTIVE:Thisstudyistolongitudiallyobservethedynamicchangesincorticalfunctionandwhitematterfibrousstructureofpatientswithvisualpathwaylesionsbybloodoxygenationleveldependent-functionalmagneticresonanceimaging(BOLD-fMRI)combinedwithdiffusiontensorimaging(DTI),andtoanalyzethecharacteristicsofbrainfunctionandstructuralrecombinationatconvalescentperiodoflesions.DESIGN:Randomizedcontrolledobservation.SETTING:DepartmentofRadiology,theGeneralHospitalofNanjingMilitaryAreaCommandofChinesePLA.PARTICIPANTS:Eightpatientswithunilateralorbilateralvisualdisordercausedbyvisualpathwaylesions,whoadmittedtoDepartmentofRadiology,theGeneralHospitalofNanjingMilitaryAreaCommandofChinesePLAfromJanuarytoSeptember2006wereinvolved,andservedasexperimentalsubjects.Thepatients,6malesand2females,wereaged16-67years.Theyhadvisualdisorderconfirmedbyclinicalexamination,i.e.visualpathwaylesion,whichwasfurtherdiagnosedbyMRorCT.Another12subjectsgenerallymatchingtothosepatientsofexperimentalgroupingender,ageandsight,whoreceivedhealthexaminationinsynchronizationwereinvolvedandservedascontrols.Thesubjectshadnohistoryofeyediseases.Theirbinocularvisualacuity(orcorrectedvisualacuity)wasover1.0.Bothroutineexaminationofophthalmologyandexaminationoffunduswerenormal.Informedconsentsofdetecteditemswereobtainedfromallthesubjects.METHODS:SignaExciteHD1.5Tmagneticresonanceimagingsystemwith16passages(GECompany,USA)andcoilwith8passageswereused;brainfunctionalstimulusapparatus(SAV-8800.MeideCompany)wasusedforshowingexperimentalmission.Attheearlystageandconvalescentperiodoflesions,thepatie