简介：大气、海洋的条件在西方的向北和平的热带气旋(TC)的生命周期的不同阶段期间被检验，与理解环境怎么影响在这个区域的TC的紧张变化的意愿。内在的海表面温度(SST)什么时候比26高，被发现增强通常发生

简介：Climatechangecharacterizedbyincreasingtemperatureisabletoaffectprecipitationregimeandthussurfacehydrology.However,themannerinwhichriversedimentloadsrespondtoclimatechangeisnotwellunderstood,andrelatedassessmentregardingtheeffectofclimatechangeonsedimentloadsislacking.Wepresentaquantitativeestimateofchangesinsedimentloads(from1.5Gtyr~(-1)pre-1990to0.6Gtyr~(-1)from1991-2007)inresponsetoclimatechangeineightlargeChineserivers.Overthepastdecades,precipitationchangecoupledwithrisingtemperatureshasplayedasignificantroleininfluencingthesedimentdeliverydynamics,althoughhumanactivities,suchasreservoirconstruction,waterdiversion,sandminingandlandcoverchange,arestillthepredominantforces.Lowerprecipitationcoupledwithrisingtemperatureshassignificantlyreducedsedimentloadsdeliveredintotheseainsemi-aridclimates(4-61%).Incontrast,increasinglywarmerandwetterclimatesinsubtropicalzoneshasyieldedmoresediment(0.4-11%),althoughtheincreasewasoffsetbyhumanimpact.Ourresultsindicatethat,comparedwithmechanicalretentionbyreservoirs,waterreductioncausedbyclimatechangeorhumanwithdrawalshascontributedmoresedimentreductionfortheriverswithabundantsedimentsupplybutlimitedtransportcapacity(e.g.,theHuanghe).Furthermore,ourresultsindicatethatevery1%changeinprecipitationhasresultedina1.3%changeinwaterdischargeanda2%changeinsedimentloads.Inaddition,every1%changeinwaterdischargecausedbyprecipitationhasledtoa1.6%changeinsedimentloads,butthesamepercentageofwaterdischargechangecausedlargelybyhumanswouldonlyresultina0.9%changeinsedimentloads.Thesefigurescanbeusedasaguidelineforevaluatingtheresponsesofsedimentloadstoclimatechangeinsimilarclimatezonesbecausefutureglobalwarmingwillcausedramaticchangesinwaterandsedimentinriverbasinsworldwideatratespreviouslyunseen.

简介：Usingdailyrainfalldataof11observatorystationsoverShanghaifortheperiod1960-2007,thespatialdifferencesofrainfallovertheShanghairegionduringperiodswithslowandrapidurbanizationrespectivelyareinvestigatedbasedonspatialstandarddeviationofrainfallanditsrelativevariables.Resultsshowthatspatialdifferencesincreasewiththeaccelerationofurbanization.Spatialdistributionsofannualrainfallandrainstormfrequencyexhibitdistincturban’rain-island’featuresduringtherapidperiodofurbanization(1960-1983)whileitisoppositeinthecaseofslowurbanization(1984-2007).Changesinthespatialdistributionofannualrainfalltrendsalsotakeplaceduringdifferentperiods.Specifically,thevariationofannualrainfallexhibitsconsistenttrendsovertheShanghairegionintheslowurbanizationperiods.However,inconsistentspatialdistributionofvariationshastakenplaceoverthecentraldistrictsandsuburbsofShanghaiduringtherapidurbanizationstage.Sincethespeeding-upofurbanization,theannualrainfallamountovercentraldistrictsofShanghaitendstoincreasewhilethatinthesuburbsshowsadecreasingtrend.Inaddition,asfarasdifferentseasonsareconcerned,thespeedofurbanizationexertsinsignificantinfluencesonthespatialdistributionofrainfallduringwinterandspring.Onthecontrary,therainfallduringsummerandautumn(especiallysummer)isfeaturedwithanislandeffectduringtherapidurbanizationperiod.

简介：BasedonthesimulationwiththeOcean-AtmosphereCoupledModelCCSMandOceanModelPOPunderthegreenhousegasemissionscenariooftheIPCCSRESA2(IPCC,2001),andontheearthcrustsubsidenceandglaciermeltingdata,therelativesealevelchangeisobtainedalongthecoastofChinainthe21stcentury.UsingtheSRTMelevationdatathesubmergenceofcoastallowlandiscalculatedundertheextremewaterlevelwitha100-yearreturnperiod.Thetotalfloodingareasare98.3×103and104.9×103km2for2050and2080,respectively.Forthethreeregionsmostvulnerabletoextremesealevelrise,i.e.,thecoastofBohaiBay,theYangtzeRiverDeltatogetherwithneighboringJiangsuProvinceandnorthernZhejiangProvince,andthePearlRiverDelta,thefloodedareasare5.0×103,64.1×103and15.3×103km2in2050and5.2×103,67.8×103and17.2×103km2in2080,respectively.

简介：Thehumificationdegreeofpeatisasignificantclimaticproxyforpaleoclimatechange.Usingthealkali-extractionmethod,atimeseriesofabsorbancevaluesoftheHanipeatland,NortheastChina,wasdetermined,whichisusedasanindicatorforthehumificationdegreeofpeat.Combinedwith14Cdatingdataofpeatcellulose,andcomparedwithδ18Oandδ13CtimeseriesofthecelluloseintheHanipeatland,theevidencefortheexistenceof14kapaleoclimatewasprovided.Higherhumificationdegreeshintawarmer-wetterclimate,andviceversa.ItalsoreconstructsthefourstagesofHoloceneclimateevolutioninthisregion:11.5–9.8calkaB.P.,warmandwetperiod;9.8–9.0calkaB.P.,coldanddryperiod;9.0–4.8calkaB.P.,warmandwetperiod;and4.8–0calkaB.P.,warm-wetanddry-coldalternationperiod.Meanwhile,itisrevealedthattheabruptclimateshiftssignalssuchasthe'8.2ka'eventandthe'4.2ka'event.ResultsshowedthattheHanipeathumificationdegreeisofsensitiveresponsetopaleoclimatechange.Therefore,itisafeasiblemethodtoanalyzetherelationshipbetweenpaleoclimatechangeandpeathumificationdegree.

简介：由于CO2的放射的强迫的新评价用CO2和一个高分辨率的放射的转移模型的更新的集中数据被计算。同温层(ARF)调整放射的强迫由于从到2010的更新的年的一年1750的CO2被发现增加了到1.95Wm2，它是17%比IPCC的大第4评价报告因为CO2集中的快速的增加自从2005。一个新公式被建议精确地描述在CO2和它的集中的ARF之间的关系。根据在ARF和表面温度变化之间的关系，而且，在平衡表面温度的可能的变化在情形下面被估计CO2的集中在一年2008增加到乘集中的的1.5，2，2.5，3，3.5和4。结果是+2.2的价值

简介：UsingthefocalmechanismsolutionsandslipdistributionmodeldataoftheTaiwanStraitsMS7.3earthquakeonSeptember16,1994,wecalculatethestaticCoulombstresschangesstemmingfromtheearthquake.Basedonthedistributionofaftershocksandstressfield,aswellasthelocationofhistoricalearthquakes,weanalyzetheCoulombstresschangetriggeredbytheTaiwanStraitsMS7.3earthquake.TheresultshowsthatthestaticCoulombstresschangeobtainedbyforwardmodelingbasedontheslipdistributionmodelisquiteconsistentwiththelocationofaftershocksintheareasfarawayfromtheepicenter.Ninetypercentofaftershocksoccurredinthestressincreasedareas.TheCoulombstresschangeisnotentirelyconsistentwiththedistributionofaftershocksneartheepicenter.ItisfoundthatCoulombstresschangecanbetterreflecttheaftershockdistributionfarawayfromtheepicenter,whilesuchcorrespondingrelationshipbecomesquitecomplexneartheepicenter.ThroughthecalculationoftheCoulombstresschange,wefindthatthestressincreasesinthesouthwestpartoftheMin-Yue(Fujian-Guangdong)coastalfaultzone,whichenhancestheseismicactivity.Therefore,itisdeemedthattheseaareabetweenNanpengIslandandDongshanIsland,wheretheMin-YuecoastalfaultzoneintersectswiththeNW-trendingShanghang-Dongshanfault,hasahighseismicrisk.

简介：Usingatimeseriesmethodthatcombinesboththepersistentscattererandsmallbaselineapproaches,weanalyzed9scenesEnvisatASARdataovertheL’Aquilaearthquake,andobtainedaShocke’sdisplacementfieldanditsevolutionprocesses.Theresultsshowthat:(1)EnvisatASARclearlydetectedthewholeprocessesofdisplacementfieldoftheL’Aquilaearthquake,anddistinctvariationsatdifferentstagesofthedisplacementfield.(2)Preseismiccreepdisplacement?displacementmutationwhenfaulting?constantlysloweddownaftertheearthquake.(3)Theareaofthestrongestdeformationandgroundrupturewasalow-lyingovaldepressionregiontothesoutheast.Surfacefaultingwithinazoneofabout22km914km,withanorientationof135°,occurredalongtheNW-strikingandSW-dippingPaganica-S.Demetrionormalfault.(4)Inanalyzinganareaofabout54km959km,boundedbynorth–southaxistotheepicenter,thedisplacementfieldhassignificantcharacteristicsofawatershed:westwardoftheepicentershowsupliftwithmaximumof130mminline-of-sight(LOS),andeastoftheepicenterwasaregionwith220mmofmaximumsubsidenceintheLOS,concentratingontherupturezone,themajorityofwhichformedinthecourseoffaultingandsubsequence.

简介：LigninservesasoneofthemostimportantmolecularfossilsfortracingTerrestrialOrganicMatters(TOMs)inmarineenvironment.Extractionandderivatizationofligninoxidationproducts(LOPs)arecrucialforaccuratequantificationoflignininmarinesediment.Herewereportamodificationoftheconventionalalkalinecupricoxide(CuO)oxidationmethod,themodificationconsistinginasolidphaseextraction(SPE)andanovelon-columnderivatizationbeingemployedforbetterefficiencyandreproducibility.Inspikingblanks,recoverieswithSPEfortheLOPsarebetween77.84%and99.57%withrelativestandarddeviations(RSDs)rangingfrom0.57%to8.04%(n=3),whilethosewithtraditionalliquid-liquidextraction(LLE)arefrom44.52%to86.16%withRSDsbeingfrom0.53%to13.14%(n=3).Moreover,thereproducibilityisgreatlyimprovedwithSPE,withlesssolventconsumptionandshorterprocessingtime.Theaverageefficiencyofon-columnderivatizationforLOPsis100.8%±0.68%,whichissignificantlyhigherthanthoseofin-vialorin-syringederivatization,thusresultinginstilllessconsumptionofderivatizingreagents.LignininthesurfacesedimentssampledfromthesouthofYangtzeRiverestuary,China,wasdeterminedwiththeestablishedmethod.Recoveriesof72.66%to85.99%withstandarddeviationlessthan0.01mg/10gdryweightareobtainedexceptforp-hydroxyben-zaldehyde.ThelignincontentΣ8(producedfrom10gdrysediment)intheresearchareaisbetween0.231and0.587mg.S/VandC/Vratios(1.028±0.433and0.192±0.066,respectively)indicatethattheTOMsinthisregionareoriginatedfromamixtureofwoodyandnonwoodyangiospermplants;thehighvaluesof(Ad/Al)vsuggestthattheTOMshasbeenhighlydegraded.