简介:美国非营利组织GreenWave主管布伦·斯密斯描述未来的农业场景:人类的耕作地点从陆地转向海洋,用锚定在海床上的绳索饲养牡蛎,贻贝,蛤蜊和海藻。这一想法并非天方夜谭。随着陆地耕作的问题愈加突出——农业耕作带来的温室气体排放越来越严重——和海洋过度捕捞,人类需要开发新的食物来源。GreenWave的海藻农场提供了一种可行的方案:农场
简介:WiththedeepeningofelectricpowermarketreforminChina,themonopolyedgeofthestate-ownedelectricpowerenterpriseswilllose.Onthebasisoftheexistingpostperformancesalarymechanism,ChinesepowerenterprisesneedtooptimizetheincentivemechanismofR&Dstaff,toarousetheR&Dstaff’senthusiasmandcreativity,toadapttothenewmarketcompetitionandfurtherimprovemarketvalue.WhilsttheincentivemechanismoptimizingprocessingneedstoconsidernotonlythechangingmarketenvironmentbutalsothepersonalandworkingcharacteristicsofR&Dstaff.ThispapersummarizesthecharacteristicsofthecurrentChinesepowerenterprises’R&Dstaff:staff’stheoryqualityishigh,butinsensitivetothemarket;theyareconfrontedwithheavyworkloadanddiversifiedjobchoices;managerscanobservetheirbehaviorchoicesornot;besides,theprocessofR&DiscomplexandthemarketreactionsofR&Dachievementsareuncertain.Basedonthepremiseoftheabovefeatures,twoincentivemodelsareestablishedinthispaperfromthepointofviewofenterprisemanagers.Oneisforthesituationwhenstaff’sbehaviorchoicescanbeobserved;theotherisforthesituationwhenstaff’sbehaviorchoicescannotbeobserved.Throughsolvingthemodel,weanalyzetheoptimizationpathofelectricpowerenterprisesR&Dstaffincentivemechanismundertheseconditions:(1)whenstaff’sbehaviorchoicescanbeobserved,managerscanpaymoretotheR&Dstaffwhodevelopproductswithhigheroutputvalue,inordertoencouragethemtoworkharder.(2)whenstaff’sbehaviorchoicescannotbeobserved,managersshouldtakereasonablestrategiesaccordingtothedifferentsituations:a.whenR&DstaffincentivetotallydependonthemarketvalueoftheR&Dachievements,managersshouldallocateworkloadrationallyaccordingtotheirdifferenttechnicallevels;b.whenthemarketreactionsofR&Dresultsbecomemoreprecarious,managersneedtoreducetheincentiveintensitywhichbasedonthemarketvalueandraisetheirfixe
简介:使用我国2002年~2014年省际面板数据,基于R&D投入、R&D产出和R&D影响三个维度构建我国R&D资源配置水平指标评价体系,并借助熵权TOPSIS法、Dagum基尼系数和Kernel密度估计分别计算和分析R&D水平的综合指数、R&D水平的空间差异及其来源以及R&D水平的动态分布趋势。结论表明:我国以及东、中、西部地区R&D资源配置水平呈总体上升态势;R&D资源配置水平的空间差异十分显著,其中东部地区内的差异和东西部地区间的差异尤为突出,地区间的差异是导致总体差异的重要原因;考察期内西部地区的多级分化现象始终存在;区域R&D资源配置水平的相对差距呈减弱态势,而绝对差距呈扩大态势。
简介:Inrecentyears,Chinahaspromulgatedmanylawsandregulationsofenvironmentalprotection,graduallyforminganenvironmentalregulationsystem,andmostenterprisesareunderthedualpressureofenvironmentalprotectionandbusinessperformance.ItwouldbeasignificantwaythatenterprisesundertakeR&Dactivitiesforachange.ThispaperisbasedontheShanghaiandShenzhenA-sharelistedheavypollutionenterprisesin2011-2016,whichisbasedonthereviewandsummaryofresearchresultsofformerresearchers,combiningwithcurrentenvironmentalregulationsituationofourcountry,raisingtherelevanthypothesisbetweenenvironmentalregulations,R&Dinvestmentandbusinessperformanceagainstheavypollutionindustry.Adoptingthemethodofempiricalresearch,italsobuiltthelinearregressionmodelwhichemploystherelevantfinancialdataofheavy-pollutingenterprisesinChinaasthestatisticalresearchsample.Therelationshipforheavy-pollutingenterprisesaffectedbyenvironmentalregulationsbetweenenvironmentalprotectionR&Dinvestmentandenterprisebusinessperformancewastested.TheresultsshowthatthereisapositiveinfluenceontheenvironmentalR&Dinvestmentandbusinessperformance,andalageffectupontheR&Dinvestmentofenterprisestobusinessperformance.Finally,theresearchresultswereusedtoevaluatesproblemsexistingintheR&DinvestmentonpollutionindustryinChinaaswellasbusinessperformanceandweputforwardsomesuggestionsonimprovingenvironmentalregulationstandardsandtechnologyinnovationconsciousnessaswellasoptimizingthestructureofR&Dinvestment.