简介：Background:Chronicinflammationisanimportantetiologicmechanismformuscleatrophy.Oat-derivedphytochemicalavenanthramides(AVAs)havebeenshowntosuppressinflammatoryresponsesinhumanclinicalstudiesandinseveralcelllinesinvitro,buttheirroleinskeletalmuscleisunclear.TheaimofthisstudywastoinvestigatewhetherAVAtreatmentcanpreventtumornecrosisfactor(TNF)-α-inducedmusclefiberatrophyinC2C12cells.Methods:Wetreated70%confluentcellsfor24hwithAVA.Then,TNF-αwasaddedtocell-culturedmedium.Subsequently,cellswereharvestedatdifferenttimepoints.Thecellswereexaminedusingvariousbiochemicaltechniquesformeasuringprotein,messengerRNAlevels,nuclearbindingactivity,andviability.Fluorescencemicroscopewasusedforanalysisofthemyotubemorphology.Results:CellstreatedwithTNF-asignificantlyincreasednuclearfactorkBactivation,indicatedbyamarkeddecreaseofIkB(p<0.05)anda6.6-foldincreaseinp65-DNAbinding(p<0.01);however,30mmolofAVA-A,-B,and-Ctreatmentreducedthebindingby33%,18%,and19%(p<0.01),respectively,comparedwithcellstreatedwithTNF-awithoutAVA.Theinterleukin-6levelincreasedby2.5fold(p<0.01)withTNF-α,butdecreasedby24%,32%,and28%(p<0.01),respectively,withAVA-A,-B,and-C.Theinterleukin-1blevelalsoshoweda47%increasewithTNF-a(p<0.01),whereasthisincrementwasabolishedinallAVA-treatedcells.Reactiveoxygenspeciesproductionwas1.3-foldhigherintheTNF-α-treatedgroup(p<0.01)butnotintheTNF-α+AVAsgroups.MessengerRNAlevelsofmuscle-specificE3ubiquitinligaseatrogin-1increased23%inTNF-αvs.control(p<0.05)butwasdecreasedby46%,34%,and53%(p<0.01),respectively,withtreatmentofAVA-A,-B,and-C.Moreover,TNF-αtreatmentincreasedthemuscleRINGfinger1messengerRNAlevelby76%(p<0.01);thischangewasabolishedbyAVAs.CellstreatedwithTNF-ademonstratedareducedproliferationcomparedwithcontrolcells(p<0.01)

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简介：Background:Apreviousstudyhasreporteda50%reductionindisuseatrophyofthequadricepsduringthefirst14daysafteranteriorcruciateligament(ACL)reconstruction.Afollow-uptrialisneededtoconfirmthesepromisingresults.ThepresentstudyaimstoinvestigatetheeffectofanocclusionstimulusonquadricepsatrophyafterACLreconstruction.Methods:Atotalof24subjectsparticipatedinthestudy.Theywererandomizedintotwogroups.Startingthe2nddayaftersurgery,theocclusiongroupreceivedanocclusionstimulusfor5min,followedbyremovaloftheocclusivepressurefor3min.Thiswasrepeatedfivetimesinonetrainingsession,twicedaily.Duringtheperiodofocclusivestimulus,thesubjectsperformed20lowloadexercisesforthequadriceps.Thecontrolgroupfollowedthesameexerciseprotocol,butwithouttheocclusionstimulus.Changesinquadricepsanatomicalcrosssectionarea(ACSA)weremeasuredusingaxialmagneticresonance(MR)imagesat40%and50%ofthelengthofthefemur.Results:BothgroupshadasignificantreductionofquadricepsACSAfrom2daysbeforesurgeryto16daysaftersurgery.Duringtheinterventionperiod,theocclusiongrouplost13.8%±1.1%(mean±SEM)andthecontrolgrouplost13.1%±1.0%oftheirquadricepsACSA,respectively.Therewasnosignificantdifferencebetweentheocclusionandcontrolgroupswithregardstoatrophyofthequadricepsmuscles.Conclusion:Inconflictwithotherstudiesusingasimilarprotocol,applicationofbloodflowrestrictionthefirst14daysafterACLreconstructiondidnotreducequadricepsACSAmuscleatrophymeasuredbyMRinapopulationofathletes.

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简介：Themultiple-choicetestisacommonexaminationformthatiswidelyusedasastandardinternationaltestingmethodinvariousacademicfields,especiallyinlanguagetesting.However,aftermanyyearsofapplication,investigationandresearch,manyteachersandeducatorshaveadmittedthattojudgestudents""realandpracticalabilities,suchtestingmethodhasmanylimitationsanddrawbacks.

简介：Purpose:Theobjectiveofthepresentstudywastodeterminewhetheradenervatedmuscleextract(DmEx)couldstimulatesatellitecellresponseindenervatedmuscle.Methods:Wistarratsweredividedinto4groups:normalrats,normalratstreatedwithDmEx,denervatedrats,anddenervatedratstreatedwithDmEx.Thesoleusmuscleswereexaminedusingimmunohistochemicaltechniquesforproliferatingcellnuclearantigen,desmin,andmyogenicdifferentiationantigen(MyoD),andelectronmicroscopywasusedforanalysisofthesatellitecells.Results:Theresultsindicatethatwhiledenervationcausesactivationofsatellitecells,DmExalsoinducesmyogenicdifferentiationofcellslocalizedintheinterstitialspaceandtheformationofnewmusclefibers.AlthoughDmExhadasimilareffectinnatureoninnervatedanddenervatedmuscles,thisresponsewasofgreatermagnitudeindenervatedvs.intactmuscles.Conclusion:OurstudyshowsthattreatmentofdenervatedratswithDmExpotentiatesthemyogenicresponseinatrophicdenervatedmuscles.

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简介：Whenanemergencyhappens,theschedulingofreliefresourcestomultipleemergencylocationsisarealisticandintricateproblem,especiallywhentheavailableresourcesarelimited.Anon-cooperativegamesmodelandanalgorithmforschedulingofreliefresourcesarepresented.Inthemodel,theplayerscorrespondtothemultipleemergencylocations,strategiescorrespondtoallresourcesschedulingandthepayoffofeachemergencylocationcorrespondstothereciprocalofitsschedulingcost.Thus,the...

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简介：Multipleintelligence（多元智能）理论为英语教学多元化评价及个性化教学提供了理论基础。它要求教学评价应以促进学生的智能发展为目标，采取多元的评价标准及方式．帮助学生正确地认识自己的智力特点，悦纳自己，拥有自信，促进其自我效能感的形成。

简介：Bycombiningtheadvantagesoftheadditiveweightedmean(AWM)operatorandtheorderedweightedaveraging(OWA)operator,thispaperfirstpresentsahybridoperatorforaggregatingdatainformation,andthenproposesahybridaggregation(HA)operator-basedmethodformultipleattributedecisionmaking(MADM)problems.ThetheoreticalanalysesandthenumericalresultsshowthattheHAoperatorgeneralizesboththeAWMandOWAoperators,andreflectstheimportanceofboththegivenargumentandtheorderedpositionoftheargument.Thus,theHAoperatorcanreflectbetterrealsituationsinpracticalapplications.Finally,anillustrativeexampleisgiven.

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简介：Thewatersupplyanddrainagesystemisverycruciiilforfulfillinglhebasicneedsofhumanlife,llisalsooneoflliemostimporlantlifesupportingsvsiemsforurbanpopulations.Thetradilionalwatersupplysystemcanbeclassifiedindifferentways.Functionally,itisclassifiediiuotwosystems,i.e.,watersupplysystemandwaterdrainagesystem,whichworkseparatelyand

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简介：1.TheendocannabinoidsysteminobesityandmetabolicdisordersAsobesityandassociatedmetabolicdisorders,suchastype2diabetesanddyslipidemia,arebecomingoneofthemostserioushealthproblemsworldwide,developmentofeffectivetherapiesisahighpriority.Inthesearchfortreatments,therecentlydiscoveredendocannabinoidsystem(ECS)hasbeguntogarnerattention,andawealthofresearchisnowfocusing