简介:Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theresearchesandapplicationofwaterresourcesincludingthegaswaterhavebeenconstantlydeveloped.Throughananalysisontheflawsofthewaterrighttheory,andbyexecutingreconstructionandrenewalofthetheoryandsystemofwaterrightinmodernsociety,thewaterrightpositionofthegaswaterwillbeestab-lished,leadingtothematurityofthewholelaweffectivenessandsubstantialresultsofwaterright.
简介:Producinggoodsandservicesallneedswaterconsumption.Thewaterusedintheprocessofanagriculturalorindustrialproductiscalledthe"VirtualWater"containedinthisproduct.Throughinternationaltrade,water-scarcecountriesandregionscouldpurchasewater-intensiveproducts--especiallyfoods,fromwater-richcountriestobalancetheirwaterdeficitsandachievewatersafety.Chinaisoneofthe13mostwater-deficitcountrieswhosewatersafetyhavebeenseverelychallenged.Thispapergeneralizedtherecentglobalresearchdevelopmentandmadeabriefintroductionaboutthemethodscalculatingvirtualwatercontentinspecificproducts.Asacasestudy,wequalifiedChina'sannualvirtualwaterflowsfromyear2000to2002withtradeincrops,andendedwithsomepolicyadviceforapplicationandpracticeofvirtualwaterstrategy.
简介:Theutilizationofreclaimedwatercouldbeanefficienttooltoalleviatewaterscarcity,especiallyfordryriveraugmentation.However,itiscrucialtomonitorwaterqualitytoensuresafetytohumanhealthandtoavoidnegativeeffectsontheenvironment.ReclaimedwatersampleswerecollectedbimonthlyfromMaytoNovemberin2010inChaobaiRiver,andthephysiochemicalparametersweredetermined.Themainresultsareasfollows:Theparametersexceedingthethresholdvalueofthewaterguidelinesaremainlynutritionrelatedtonitrogenandphosphorus,whichareknowntoincreasetheriskofeutrophicationinsurfacewaters.Additionally,nitriteandnitratecanbedetrimentaltohumanhealth.ThemajorityoftheparametershaveapeakingconcentrationinMay,whereasotherseithershowsignificanttemporalvariationovertheentireperiodorremainrelativelyconstantinallfourmonths.Correlationanalysisshowsthatsomeparameters(pH,TandB)havenosignificantcorrelationwithothers,whereassignificantpositivecorrelationwasfoundforSrwithECandTDS,forCIwithTDS,forSi02withTPandforNO3-NwithTNandasignificantnegativecorrelationbetweenSO4andBa.Accordingtoprincipalcomponentanalysis,60.108%ofthetotaldataisrepresentedbydominantsolutes,andthesecondprincipalcomponentwithapercentageof31.876comprisesparametersrelatedtonitrogen.Subsequentclusteranalysisofparametersidentifiedfourgroups,whichrepresentdifferentcompositions,andsamplesinMaydifferfromothers.
简介:Theraredepositionofwaterresourcesconflictswithitslimitlessdemand.Thisdeterminedtheexistenceofthewaterfightstransactionsystem.Theimplementationofthewaterfightstransactionsystemrequiresclarifyingthedefinitionofwaterre-sourcerightabovealldistinctly.Atpresent,itisakindofcommonrightsystemarrangementwhichneedstheChinesegovernmenttodisposeofwaterresources.Thoughaseriesofmanagementsys-temsguaranteedthegovernment'ssupplyofwaterresource,ithinderedthedevelopmentofthewatermarketseriouslyandcausedtheutilizationofwaterresourcestostayintheinefficientorlowefficientstateforalongtime.Thus,weshouldchangethegovernment'sleadingroleintheresourcedistributionandreallyrelyonthemarkettocarryonthewaterfightstradeandtransac-tion.Inthisway,thewaterrightscouldbecomeakindofprivatepropertyfightrelatively,andcirculatefreelyinthemarket.Asaresultofthis,weshouldovercomethedefectsofcommonfight,makeitsexternalperformanceinternalizedmaximallyandachievetheoptimizedwaterresourcedispositionanduseitmoreeffec-tively.
简介:Thenaturalsupplyoflandresourcesislimited,buttheeconomicsupplymaychangealongwithsocialandeconomicdevelopment,anditssizeisdecidedbyenatureandsocialandeconomicbodyconditions.Whenthesupplyingabilityoflandresourcesthreatensthedevelopmentofsocietyandtheconflictbetweenpeopleandlandbecomestense,itforcedpeopletoim-provelandutilizationandtoincreasetheeffectivesupplyoflandresources.ThepapermadeanoverallconsiderationonthecharacteristicsoftheirrigatedfarmingandthefrailecologicalenvironmentinFuhaiCounty,AltayArea,XinjiangUigurAutonomousRegionandexploredlandarrangementplanningaswellaswaterresourceplanningandenvironmentalprotection.Thepaperevaluatednaturalresources,landutilizationandwaterresourceofthecasestudyareasandfocusedonthespatio-temporalbalancebetweentheutilizationofwaterandlandresources.Intheendthepaperafeasibleplanwasmadeoutforthelandarrangementproject.
简介:WiththerapiddevelopmentofforeigntradeinChina,industrialimportandexporthasbeenanabsolutesubjectinrecentyears.Thehugetradesurplusofimportandexporttradeofindustrialproductsbringsnotonlyhighprofits,butalsopollutioncostsaswell.Basedontheconceptofwaterpollutionfootprints(WPFs),thisstudyappliestheinput-outputmethodandcalculatespollutant-producingcoefficientsof20majorindustrialsectorsinChinaandinvestigatestheWPFscausedbytheimportandexporttradesoftheseindustrialsectors.TheresearchresultsshowthatWPFresultingfromexportsexceedsthatofimportsfrom2011to2015inChina.Thenetinflowofpollutionfootprintismainlyfrompapermills,printingandstationerymanufacturing,andtextileindustry;whereasagreatnumberofWPFsaretransferredtoothercountriesbythesesectors,suchasmetalmininganddressingindustryandoilandnaturalgasexploitationindustry.
简介:Watersavinganddevelopingwaterconservationsocietyarethetwokeystrategiesbothforwisewaterallocationandsustainableutilization.Thepaperanalysestheconnotationofwatersavingandwaterconservationsociety.Essentially,watersavingmeansfreeingupwaterfromnon-beneficialusesandprovidingittosomemoreproductiveuses.Basicprinciplesforsettingindicatorarepresentedbyprovidingefficientuseofwater,consideringsocialissuesandecologicalprotection.Anintegratedassessingwatersavingsystemaimingatmoresustainableandefficientconsumptionisgivenconsideringunbalancedsocialandeconomicdevelopmentinregionsandbasins.Thehierarchyindicatorsystemprovidesqualifiedtoolstothepracticeofwaterconservationandevaluatesthevalueforwaterconservationsocietyconstruction.
简介:Waterpollutionisoneofthemajorenvironmentalproblems,especiallyinurbanareas.Duetorapidurbanexpansionandindustrialization,waterpollutioninZhengzhouCity,thecapitalofHenanProvinceincentralChinahasbecomeaseriousproblemforitsdevelopment.Inthisstudy,thesurfacewaterqualitywasevaluatedusingNemerowComprehensivePollutionIndex(NCPI),andthechangetrendwascalculatedusingmethodsofMann-KendalltestandSen’sslopeestimator,basedonthemonitoringdatafrom1998to2008.TheresultsshowthattheNCPIrangedfrom3to50in70%ofthemonitoringcases,implyingthatmostriverswereseriouslypolluted.However,thisseriouspolltuonisexpectedtobegraduallyimproved,astheconcentrationofwaterpollutantsandNCPIdeclinedsignificantlyinmostrivers.Waterpollutioninreservoirswasmuchlowerthanrivers,andtheNCPIinthethreemonitoredreservoirswaslowerthan3inmostyears,andshowsadownwardtrend.Althoughthesurfacewaterqualitywasgraduallyimproved,greateffortsarestillneededtoenhancetheprotectionandimprovementofsurfacewaterenvironment.
简介:XiliaoheRiverwatershedplaysanimportantroleinregionalandnationalgrainsecurity.Withthedevelopmentofsocietyandeconomy,waterconsumptionthatincreaseddramaticallycauseswatershortages.Cropwaterrequirementcanprovidequantitativebasisformakingregionalirrigationscheme.Inthisstudy,springmaizewaterrequirementiscalculatedbyusingPenmanMonteithformulaandspringmaizecoefficientfromMaytoSeptemberat10meteorologicalstationsinXiliaoheRiverwatershedfrom1951to2005.Thevariationtrendofthespringmaizewaterrequirementduringthewholegrowingstage,waterrequirementineverymonth,andmeteorologicalinfluencingfactorsareobtainedbyusingMann-Kendallmethod,andthedegreeofgreyincidencebetweenthewaterrequirementandmeteorologicalinfluencingfactorsareshown.TheresultsarethespringmaizewaterrequirementduringthewholegrowingstagesincreasesathalfofthestationsinXiliaoheRiverwatershed,andareremarkablyaffectedbythewaterrequirementinMay.Themonthlymean,maximumandminimumairtemperatureformMaytoSeptembershowanincreasingtrendinXiliaoheRiverwatershedinrecent55years.Themonthlymeanandminimumairtemperatureincreasesnotably.Therelativehumidity,precipitation,windspeedandsunshineshowadecreasingtrendwithvarietyfordifferentmonths.Themonthlymaximumairtemperature,windspeed,sunshineandmonthlymeanairtemperaturehavethehighestcorrelationdegreewithspringmaizewaterrequirementfromMaytoSeptember.
简介:Understandingtheconnotationandprinciplesofecologicalcompensationinwatersourcereserveareasisthebasisandguaranteeforestablishingandimprovingtheecologicalcompensationmechanismofwatersourcereserveareas.First,thispaperreviewsthethreestagesofecologicalcompensationresearchprogress.Basedonthereview,usingthetheoryofexternality,theecologicalenvironmentsystemofwatersourcereserveareasisthenanalyzed.Thispaperarguesthattheconnotationofecologicalcompensationinwatersourcereserveareasisakindofinstitutionalarrangement,whichisdesignedtointernalizeexternalities.Finally,basedontheunderstandingoftheconnotationofecologicalcompensationinwatersourcereserveareas,fiveprinciplesforestablishingandimprovingtheecologicalcompensationmechanismareproposed,includingtheprincipleoffairnessandjustice,theprincipleofequivalenceofequalityandresponsibility,theprincipleofflexibilityandeffectiveness,theprincipleof'earmarkfunds,andimplementationbylaw,'andtheprincipleofgovernmentcompensationsupplementedwithmarketcompensation.
简介:Sinceconventionalwatertreatmentisnotaffordableindevelopingcountries,lookingforlocallyavailableandalternativetreatmentoptionsismandatory.Removaloffluorideandphosphatecanbeachievedbydesigningappropriatefiltrationmediafromdifferentmaterialssuchassand,calcinedclay,pumice,scoriaandbonechar.ThisstudywasdesignedtodeterminetheremovalefficiencyoftheselocallyavailablefiltermediawithrespecttodetentiontimeandpH.Thefiltrationapparatuses(tank)werefilledseparatelywithstone,gravelwithgrainsize0.6-4.75mmand40cmdeep,sand(ES=0.15-0.35mmandUC=1.5-3),calcinedclay,pumice,scoriaandbonecharwithgrainsize0.25-0.5inch.Watersampleswerepreparedusingglassbottleswithfluorideconcentrationsof6and8mg/landphosphateconcentrationof4mg/1.Laboratoryanalysiswascarriedoutbeforeandafterfiltrationtodeterminetheremovalefficiencyofeachmedium.Itwasfoundthatthehighestremovaloffluoridewasachievedbybonechar(89.65%),followedbypumice(82.4%).However,bonecharhasratherincreasedtheconcentrationofphosphateby63.8%.Sandwasthemostefficientmediatoremovephosphate,managingtoremoveby70%.Therefore,itisanattractiveoptiontousetheselocallyavailable,environmentalfriendlyandappropriatetechnologiesforefficientremovalofbothfluorineandphosphateatthehouseholdorcommunitywatertreatmentlevel.
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简介:ThispaperexaminesthelivelihoodchallengesexperiencedinRwanjabaLakeshoreCommunityduringtheperiodoflowwaterlevelinLakeVictoriabetween2004and2007andidentifiesthelivelihoodcopingstrategiesthatwereadoptedtoaddressthem.Atotalof55householdswererandomlysampledandthedatacollectionmethodsincludedhouseholdquestionnairesandparticipantobservations.ThedatawereanalyzedusingtheStatisticalPackageforSocialScience(SPSS)andtheresultspresentedwiththehelpofdescriptivestatistics.Thelivelihoodchallengesexperiencedduringthelowlakewaterlevelincludedfishshortage(34.5%),householdfoodscarcity(23.6%),sexforfish(18.2%),familybreakdown(12.7%),increasedtheft(7.2%)andaccidentsduetotheexposedrocksinthelake(3.6%).Thelivelihoodcopingstrategiesadoptedtoredressthechallengesincludedcausallabour(32.7%),maizeroasting(23.6%),sandmining(18.2%),sellingofsnacks(12.7%),sellinghouseholdproperty(9.1%)andresortingshopandmarketcredits(3.6%).Thepaperproposesanumberofrecommendationsforimprovingthelivelihoodofthecommunityrangingfrompolicyreformstothediversificationofactivities.
简介:Sincethe1990s,theYellowRiverstreamhasbeentemporarilyinterruptedforseveralyears,whichaffectsthedevelopmentofsociety,theeconomyandhumanlife,limitstheeconomicpotentialofthedrainageareas,andespeciallycausesgreatharmtoregionsonthelowerreaches.Basedontheanalysisoftherelationshipbetweenthedevelopmentofsocietyandeconomyandwaterscarcity,theauthorthinksitisnecessarytooptimizeandadjusttheindustrialstructurethathasextravagantlyconsumedenormousamountsofwater,andtodevelopecologicalagriculture,industryandtourismwhicharebalancedwiththeecologicalenvironment.Finally,theauthorputsforwardseveralpiecesofadviceandcountermeasuresabouthowtobuildtheeconomicsystemsbywhichwatercanbeusedeconomically.
简介:Theprotectionofdrinkingwatersourcesisvitaltourbandevelopmentandpublichealth.Inthisstudy,thecurrentsituationofthemandatoryprotectionareafordrinkingwatersourceinthePearlRiverDeltaregionwasinvestigatedusingamethodcombiningGoogleEarthwiththefieldsurvey.Thegapsbetweenmanagementpracticesandlegislationrequirementswereanalyzed.Finally,severalcountermeasuresforwaterresourceprotectionwereproposedasfollows:topromotedelineationinamorescientificway,tosafeguardthesanctityofthelaw,tomakebetterplanonwatersaving,andtoencouragepublicparticipationinsupervisionandmanagement.
简介:ResidentialwateruseisgraduallybecomingthefocusinChina'smunicipalwatersupplyplanningandmanagementinrecentyears.Littleisknown,however,abouttheresidentialwateruseinmodemChinaduetothetransitionofeconomyandenhancementofmanagementonwaterconservation.InordertobetterunderstandthecharacteristicsofresidentialwateruseinNorthChina,amodelforidentifyingthedeterminantsofresidentialwaterusewasestablishedandanalyzedbyusingpaneldataandcross-sectiondatamethodologies.ThenTaiyuancity,thecapitalcityofShanxiProvinceinNorthernChinawasselectedasacasestudy.Boththeanalysesandfieldinvestigationindicatethattherelativelyslowincreaseofresidentialwateruseinrecentyearsmayresultfromtheimplementationofstrictlawsandregulationsonwaterconservation.Andthroughtheinvestigation,first-handinformationaboutwaterconsumptionpattern,waterreuse/conservation,people'sattitudetowardwaterquantityandquality,etc.havebeenobtained.