简介：介绍了GB/T17799.1和GB17799.3新老版本的主要变化,包括:增加测试端口和测试限值、测量不确定度和标准符合性等,解读适用于居住、商业和轻工业环境中的产品的试验配置、工作条件、试验要求和性能判据等方面的新要求。

简介：本文就现行电动轮椅车国家标准规定的质量要求与试验方法进行分析,并结合检测情况进行探讨,以期帮助电动轮椅车生产企业更好的理解标准,提高产品质量。

简介：介绍新版标准GB/T13810-2017与旧版标准差异,阐述主要技术变化及背景。以期相关人员加深对新版标准的理解,以更全面、系统地掌握和应用新版标准。

简介：2006年，在国家食品药品监督管理局的医疗器械注册工作中，围绕医用电气产品执行GB9706．1标准问题产生了一场风波，经历了反复讨论和一些注册项目的长时间延误。详细解剖一下GB9706．1标准问题的由来和性质，可以帮助我们理清标准和法规之间应有的关系。

简介：一、实施《食品生产通用卫生规范》的目的和意义《食品生产通用卫生规范》是规范食品生产行为,防止食品生产过程的各种污染,生产安全且适宜食用的食品的基础性食品安全国家标准。《食品生产通用卫生规范》既是规范企业食品生产过程管理的技术措施和要求,又是监管部门开展生产过程监管与执法的重要依据,也是鼓励社会监督食品安全的重要手段。

简介：Objective:Toobservetheinfluenceofelectroacupuncture(EA)atdifferenttimeinadayonthenumberofduodenalendocrinecells(argentaffincells)inrats.Methods:Forty-eightmaleWistarratswereevenlyrandomizedintocontrolandelectroacupuncture(EA)groupswhichwerefurtherdividedinto5∶00,11∶00,17∶00and23∶00subgroupsrespectively.EA(4-16Hzinthefrequency,3Vinthestrength,intermittentdense-sparsewaves,anddurationof20min)wasappliedtobilateral"Huantiao"(环跳GB30)at5∶00o'clock,11∶00o'clock,17∶00o'clockand23∶00o'clockseparatelyfordifferentsubgroups.AfterEA,theanimalswerekilledatonceforsamplingthemiddlepartofduodenumwhichwasfixedin10%formalinfor2hours,thenembedinparaffin.Thetissuewascutintosections(10μm),mountedonglassslidesandthenprocessedaccordingtoGrimelius'smethods.Results:ThenumberofargentaffincellsinEAgroupwassignificantlyfewerthanthatincontrolgroupatthesametime-window(23∶00,P<0.05).NosignificantdifferenceswerefoundbetweencontrolandEAgroupsinthenumberofcellsatothertimewindow(5∶00,11∶00and17∶00o'clock,P>0.05),suggestingthatEAof"Huantiao"canmarkedlypromotethesecretionactivityofendocrinecellsat11∶00o'clockduringnight.Conclusion:TheresultssuggestthattheeffectsofEAaredifferentatdifferenttimewindowinaday.

简介：在医用电气设备的技术审评中，“随机文件”占据着重要的地位，本文结合实际产品例子，对该条款提出一些浅显的理解。

简介：T盒子抄写因素T赌注(Tbx21)作为类型1-like免疫的一个关键管理者出现了，起在在T和B淋巴细胞，以及树枝状的房间和自然漂亮房间的受动器房间命运的建立或维护的关键作用。几自体免疫的疾病，特别古典主义地与T助手1有关考虑的那些(Th1)免疫，看起来要求T赌注，至少是在老鼠模型判定了。这评论在autoimmunity在免疫，以及它的重要性总结T-bet的角色的当前的理解，与为治疗学的干预的含意。

简介：ToinvestigatetheimbalancestateofhelperTlymphocytes(Th)andcytotoxicTlympho-cytes(Tc)andtherolesofTh1/Th2/Th3andTc1/Tc2cellsinrenaltransplantationrejection,theper-centagesofthesecellsinperipheralbloodof24casesofrenaltransplantationrecipientswithacutere-jectionandthedynamicchangesoftheCD4/CD8ratioweredeterminedbyflowcytometryanalysis,while30casesofhealthyindividualsweresetupascontrols.Inthesehealthycontrols,thepercentagesoftheTh1,Th2andTh3cellswere(10.45±8.15)%,(5.05±4.15)%and(3.90±3.21)%,andthoseofTc1andTc2cellswere(9.83±7.03)%and(4.51±2.17)%,respectively.However,thepercentagesofTh1andTclcellsinperipheralbloodofthestablerecipientsaftertransplantationwere(7.29±5.62)%and(7.04±5.15)%,showingdefinitereduction,whilethoseofTh2,Th3andTc2cellsshowedsignificantincrease,(6.34±5.67)%,(4.94±4.14)%and(6.86±4.42)%,respectively.Incaseofrecipientswithacuterejection,thepercentagesofTh1andTc1cellsappearedtobe(18.55±13.21)%and(15.84±11.72)%,alsoshowingsignificantincrease,butthoseofTh2,Th3andTc2cellsappearedtobereduced,(4.19±3.62)%,(3.02±2.83)%and(3.88±1.63)%,respectively.Significantdifferencescouldbedetectedamongthesethreegroups(P<0.05).TheCD4/CD8ratioincaseswithacuterejectionwashigherthanthoseofstablerecipients(2.24±0.59vs1.95±0.45),butthatofthestablerecipientsandhealthycontrols(1.98±0.31)showednoanysignificantdifference.Fromtheaboveobservation,itisevidentthatimbalancebetweenTh1,Th2andTh3withTc1andTc2cellsmayexistafterrenaltransplantationandprobably,theim-muneimbalancemaybeinducedthroughthesecretionofcytokinesINF-γbyTh1orTc1cells,Ⅱ-4byTh2andTc2cellsandTGF-βbyTh3.

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简介：Anumberofpreviousstudiesofacupunctureacupointspecificityhaveusedshamacupoints,shamacupunctureormeridianacupointsatagreatdistancefromeachotherascontrolsinfunctionalMRI(fMRI)experiments.However,fewstudieshavecompareddifferentmeridianacupointswithinthesamesegment,whichareassociatedwithsimilarlyintenseneedlesensations.WeperformedfMRIon12healthyyoungvolunteersandobserveddifferencesinbrainactivationelicitedbyacupunctureoftheTaixi(KI3)andQiuxu(GB40)acupoints.AcupuncturewasappliedattheTaixiandQiuxuacupoints,usingamultiple-blockfMRIdesignwiththreeblocks,involvingthreealternationsofrestingandtaskphases.Afterscanning,needlesensationwasassessed.ThebehavioralresultsrevealedthatthesubjectiveneedlesensationwassimilarbetweentheTaixiandQiuxuacupoints.ThefMRIresultsrevealedthatacupunctureattherightTaixiacupointactivatedtherightsuperiortemporalgyrus(BA22),leftmiddlefrontalgyrus(BA46)andinferiorfrontalgyrus(BA45),bilateralparietallobepostcentralgyrus(BA2),rightparietallobe(BA3),andleftparietallobe(BA40).AcupunctureattherightQiuxuacupointactivatedtheleftsuperiortemporalgyrus(BA42),rightparietallobepostcentralgyrus(BA40,BA43),rightinferiorfrontalgyrus(BA47),bilateralsuperiortemporalgyrus(BA22),andrightinsulaBA13.TheseresultssuggestthattherightTaixiandQiuxuacupointsactivateddifferentbrainareas.

简介：全血及成分血质量要求（GB18469-2012）（以下简称国标）由卫生部联合国家标准化管理委员会于2012年5月11日发布,7月1日实施。2012年2月卫生部颁布血站技术操作规程（2012版）（以下简称规程）,对献血者健康检查、全血采集、血液成分制备、

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简介：TcellhomeostasiscommonlyreferstothemaintenanceofrelativelystableTcellnumbersintheperipherallymphoidorgans.AmongthelargenumbersofTcellsintheperiphery,Tcellsexhibitstructuraldiversity,I.e.,theexpressionofadiverserepertoireofTcellreceptors(TCRs),andfunctionaldiversity,I.e.,thepresenceofTcellsatna(I)ve,effector,andmemorydevelopmentalstages.AlthoughthehomeostasisofTcellnumbershasbeenextensivelystudied,investigationofthemechanismsunderlyingthemaintenanceofstructuralandfunctionaldiversityofTcellsisstillatanearlystage.ThefundamentalfeaturethroughoutTcelldevelopmentistheinteractionbetweentheTCRandeitherselforforeignpeptidesinassociationwithMHCmolecules.Inthisreview,wepresentevidenceshowingthathomeostasisofTcellnumberanddiversityismediatedthroughcompetitionforlimitingresources.ThenumberofTcellsismaintainedthroughcompetitionforlimitingcytokines,whereasthediversityofTcellsismaintainedbycompetitionforself-peptide-MHCcomplexes.Inotherwords,diversityoftheself-peptiderepertoirelimitsthestructural(TCR)diversityofaTcellpopulation.Wespeculatethatcognatelowaffinityself-peptides,actingasweakagonistsandantagonists,regulatethehomeostasisofTcelldiversitywhereasnon-cognateornullpeptideswhichareextremelyabundantforanygivenTCR,maycontributetothehomeostasisofTcellnumberbyprovidingsurvivalsignals.Moreover,self-peptidesandcytokinesmayformspecializednichesfortheregulationofTcellhomeostasis.

简介：Objective:Toinvestigatetheeffectofbreast-conservationtherapyinearlystagebreastcancer.Methods:Atotalof234earlystagebreastcarcinomapatientsreceivedbreastconservingtreatmentinourhospital.Aftertheoperation,theyunderwentadjuvantchemotherapyandradiotherapy.Allofthesepatientsdesiredtopreservetheirbreasts.Results:Aftermedianfollow-upof29.46months(rangefrom3to100months),3caseshadlocalrelapseand8caseshaddistantmetastasis.Theoverallsurvivalrateof5yearwas96.7%,andthediseasefreesurvivalrateof5yearwas87.85%.Conclusion:Forearlystagebreastcarcinomapatients,classicquadrantectomy,axillarydissectionandpost-operativeadjuvantchemotherapyandradiotherapyleadtoexcellentlocalcontrolandgoodsurvival.

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简介：规章的T(Treg)房间被认为由于他们在维持有免疫力的动态平衡和自我忍耐的必要角色对autoimmunity是保护的CD4+T房间的一个亚系的Foxp3+。然而，Treg房间以系专门化和镇压功能在vivo是不稳定的。这些不稳定的Treg房间在疾病的致病起作用，它关于人的Treg房间治疗引起安全担心。在这评论，我们加亮最近的调查结果在不同疾病模型表明Treg房间的病原的变换。

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简介：T房间受体(TCR)的结扎独自是不够的导致T淋巴细胞的完整的激活。介绍房间(APC)和T房间的抗原上的另外的ligand受体相互作用(costimulation)被要求。T房间costimulation被显示了为得到有效T房间回答必要，包含在T房间开发期间的所有阶段。然而，costimulation由影响T房间的功能的机制仍然需要被阐明。在最近的年里，在癌症，传染疾病以及自体免疫的疾病作为潜在的治疗在costimulation的研究被献殷勤。在这评论，我们讨论了调整T房间增长，房间周期前进，cytokine生产，幸存，和存储器开发的细胞内部的costimulation信号。一般来说，phosphoinositide-3kinase(PI3K)的小径/proteinkinaseB(PKB，也作为Akt知道)/nuclear因素B(NF-B)可能对许多costimulatory效果中央。通过这些小径，costimulation由survivin和曙光B表示的维护控制T房间扩大和增长，并且由调整bcl-2家庭成员的表达式支撑长期的T房间幸存和存储器开发。