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简介：区别，房间的逐步的专门化，andtransdifferentiation，一种房间类型的明显的切换进另外一个，捕获许多干细胞聚光灯。但是dedifferentiation，在它前的一个房间的发展颠倒重新发明自己，也是一个重要过程。在多细胞的有机体，细胞的dedifferentiation是位于新干细胞系的totipotency，新生和形成下面的主要过程。Inhumans，dedifferentiation经常与carcinogenesis被联系。在动物的cellulardedifferentiation的学习，与细胞命运开关和决心有关的特别地早的事件，被一个合适的、方便试验性的系统的缺乏限制。dedifferentiation的经典例子是在urodele两栖动物的手足和尾巴新生，例如蝾螈。最近，当与适当信号或材料刺激了时，几个调查者证明了某些哺乳动物的房间打罐头嬉痞的集会duced到dedifferentiate到祖先房间。这些发现打开研究人员们可能由在vivo导致细胞的dedifferentiation提高哺乳动物的内长的再生能力的可能性。

简介：Severeacuterespiratorysyndrome(SARS)emergedin2002asasevereandhighlycontagiousinfectiousdiseasethatrapidlyspreadtoanumberofdifferentcountries.Thecollaborativeeffortsoftheglobalscientificcommunityhaveprovided,withinashortperiodoftime,substantialinsightsintothemolecularbiologyandimmunologyofSARS-CoV.Althoughtheoutbreakhasbeencontained,thereiscontinuousconcernthatthevirusmayresurfaceintothehumanpopulationthroughseasonalchanges,animalreservoirsorlaboratoryaccidents.TheseveremorbidityandmortalityassociatedwithSARSmakeitimperativethataneffectivevaccinebedevelopedtopreventreemergenceandepidemicsinthefuture.Cellular&MolecularImmunology.2005;2(2):101-105.

简介：Chlamydia,ahumanpathogenthatmediateschronic,persistentandrepeatedinfectionprogress,iscapableofinflictingpermanentscarformation.Atypicalreticularbodyisfoundinpersistentinfections.ChlamydialHsp60,interferon(IFN)-gammaandothercytokinesfunctioninthecourseofrepeatedinfection.Immunopathologicalfactorsmediatechronicinfection.

简介：AbstractIn vitro maturation (IVM) has been used in clinical settings for 30 years. The merits of IVM include that it needs a relatively small amount of hormones and short treatment period. However, because the effectiveness of IVM is lower than that of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, there are few centers routinely use IVM, and it is only applicable to a few special populations. In this article, several oocyte sources related to IVM have been discussed and the effects of gonadotropin priming and triggering on IVM are described. Furthermore, we have reviewed the optimization of IVM culture conditions in recent years along with the effects of IVM on genes of oocytes and cumulus cells and the obstetric and neonatal outcomes. We aim to provide indications for future improvement of IVM technology so that the success rates of IVM technology in special populations can be improved. We hope that this mild and natural protocol can be applied to more populations, including individuals with normal ovulation.

简介：AbstractPatient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs) currently represent important modeling tools in pre-clinical investigation of malignancies. Organoid cultures conserve the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of the original tumor and maintain its heterogeneity, allowing their application in many research fields. PDOs derived from colorectal cancer (CRC) have been used for genetic modeling to investigate the function of driver genes. Some researchers have been exploring the value of CRC PDOs in chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiotherapy response prediction. The successful generation of PDOs derived from CRC could deepen our understanding of CRC biology and provide novel tools for cancer modeling, for realizing precision medicine by assessing specimens from individual patients ex vivo. The present review discusses recently reported advances in CRC PDOs and the challenges they face as pre-clinical models in CRC research.

简介：BackgroundNoncompactionofventricularmyocardium(NVM)isararetypeofprimarycardiomyopathy.Thediseaseiscausedbythedisorderinthedensificationofthemyocardiumintheearlystageoftheembryoprocess.Themorphologicalcharacteristicsareprojectingtrabeculationintheventricleandthedeeptrabecularspaceinterlinkedwithventricularchamber.Inrecentyears,manystudieshavefoundthattheleftventriculargrowthassociatedgeneticmutationiscloselyrelatedtotheoccurrenceofNVM.Themostclinicalmanifestationssuchasheartfailure,thromboembolismandarrhythmiaarespecific.EchocardiographyisthemostcommonlyusedtechniqueforthediagnosisofNVM.Cardiaccomputedtomography(CT)scan,cardiacmagneticresonanceimagingandleftventricularangiographyareotherimportanttechniquesforitsdiagnosis.TheNVMpatientshavealongcourseofdisease,poorprognosisandahighrateofmisdiagnosis.Thisarticlereviewstheresearchprogressintheaspectsofepidemiologicalcharacteristics,geneticcharacteristics,clinicalmanifestations,pathophysiology,diagnosis,treatmentandsoon,inordertoprovidethebasisforthediagnosisandtreatmentofNVM.

简介：AbstractThe main challenge in the field of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is antibiotic resistance, which influences the efficacy of eradication regimens. Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy has been confirmed as an effective regimen for eradicating H. pylori, especially in strains with antibiotic resistance. High-dose proton-pump inhibitor-amoxicillin dual therapy could decrease the use of unnecessary antibiotics, which is a promising alternative approach. Adjuvant therapy (specific probiotic or vitamin) also showed good results, although more evidence is needed. Novel anti-H. pylori drugs are needed, and the establishment of the H. pylori database is an effective way to acknowledge the real-time information of H. pylori management. This review provides the recent progress of H. pylori treatment, and further studies are needed to address the role of different regimens in improving H. pylori eradication rate, especially in strains with antibiotics resistance.

简介：AbstractBrucellosis is a neglected zoonosis. It causes acute febrile illness and a potentially debilitating chronic infection in humans, and livestock infection has substantial socioeconomic impact. Over the past two decades, improvements have been made to better understand the various aspects of human and animal brucellosis. Meanwhile, especially in the developing world, immense challenges that remain in controlling and eradicating brucellosis are novel diagnostics tools and efficacious vaccines. Here, we will focus on the remarkable issues on epidemiological survey, as well as the priority and challenge of brucellosis in China. Brucellosis will be controlled with meaningful collaboration between local and public partnerships effectively applying a One Health framework.

简介：AbstractSkin diseases were characterized by various types and high incidence, which seriously affect people’s health. At present, skin pathogenesis research and the therapeutic drug development for skin diseases are limited by the lack of reasonable research models that recapitulate the development of skin diseases. Organoids are three-dimensionally cultured cell populations derived from skin stem cells, which exhibits the ability of multicell assembly and the similar histological characteristics with the living tissues and organs. This article reviews the establishment of normal skin organoids and skin tumor organoids, and summarizes the application of skin organoids in the evaluation of drug sensitivity, pathological mechanism research, and individualized treatment. In addition, the advantages and limitations of organoids in skin disease research are also discussed, which provides a basis for revealing the pathogenesis of skin diseases and developing preventive and therapeutic drugs for skin diseases.

简介：AbstractAs an innovative in vitro culture model, organoids have been established by cell sorting and subsequent culture in three-dimensional culture systems. Organoids can be derived from induced pluripotent stem cells or organ-restricted adult stem cells. Compared with traditional two-dimensional cell culture models and patient-derived xenograft models, organoids possess long-term genetic stability and can better retain the characteristics of source tissues or organs. These advantages have led to the increased use of ovarian and fallopian tube organoids in various fields of research, including cell differentiation and development, establishment of disease occurrence and progression models, tissue regeneration and reconstruction, individual drug screening, immune cell co-culture, and maternal-fetal medicine. This review briefly summarizes the recent progress in the application of ovarian and fallopian tube organoids in the field of obstetrics and gynecology.

简介：AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignancy of the central nervous system in adults. The prognosis for late-stage glioblastoma (World Health Organization grade IV astrocytic glioma) is very poor. Novel treatment options are sought after and evaluated by clinicians and researchers, and remarkable advances have been made in surgical techniques, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the treatment of glioblastoma remains extremely difficult and it can extend the lives of patients by only a few months. There has been notable progress in the field of immunotherapy, particularly with the use of tumor vaccines, for treating glioblastoma; especially peptide vaccines and cell-based vaccines such as dendritic cell vaccines and tumor cell vaccines. However, the results of the current clinical trials for vaccination are not satisfactory. This article reviews the progress in the development of vaccines for glioblastoma.

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简介：AbstractNephrotic syndrome is a relatively common clinical disease. Associated dyslipidemia is a risk factor for the occurrence and development of cardiovascular and renal diseases that might gradually develop into atherosclerosis, glomerulosclerosis or tubulointerstitial injury. It also confers an elevated risk of complications such as thromboembolism. If not properly controlled over the long term, dyslipidemia will become a key factor in a poor prognosis. Furthermore, dyslipidemia correlates with an increase in hepatic compensatory synthetic lipoprotein levels and a decrease in lipoprotein clearance, which can be sourced to the downregulation of hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities in endothelial cells, muscle, and adipose tissue, and clinically characterized as hypertriglyceridemia or hypercholesterolemia. However, further investigations into the mechanism(s) of dyslipidemia are needed, with the resultant detailed perspectives and analyses substantially aiding the further development of treatment guidelines. Currently, statins represent the most popular type of pharmaceutical intervention because they lower hepatic cholesterol production and promote the absorption of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol from the bloodstream, followed by second-line and other potential therapies to regulate the expression of specific receptors.

简介：AbstractPsoriasis is considered a systemic disease associated with metabolic abnormalities, and it is important to understand the mechanisms by which metabolism affects pathophysiological processes both holistically and systematically. Metabolites are closely related to disease phenotypes, especially in systemic diseases under multifactorial modulation. The emergence of metabolomics has provided information regarding metabolite changes in lesions and circulation and deepened our understanding of the association between metabolic reprogramming and psoriasis. Metabolomics has great potential for the development of effective biomarkers for clinical diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, prediction of the efficacy of psoriasis management, and further discovery of new metabolism-based therapeutic targets.

简介：BACKGROUND:Strokepresentsasatransientorchronicbraindysfunctionandisassociatedwithhighmorbidityandhighmortality.Thedoctorsandscientistswouldliketoarguehowtoenhancethevalidityoftherehabilitationtreatmentandhowtofurtherimprovetheleveloftreatmentonstroke.OBJECTIVE:TheaimofthisstudywastoquantitativelyanalyzethecurrentworldwideprogressinresearchonstrokerehabilitationtreatmentbasedonWebofSciencedatabaseandClinicalTrial.govinthepast10years.METHODS:WeconductedaquantitativeanalysisofclinicaltrialarticlesregardingstrokerehabilitationpublishedinEnglishfrom2003to2013andindexedintheNationalInstitutesofHealthClinicalTrialsregistryandWebofSciencedatabases.DataweredownloadedonMarch15,2013.RESULTS:(1)From2003to2013,2654clinicaltrialsinvestigatingstrokewereindexedinClinicalTrials.gov.Therewereonly58clinicaltrialsregisteredin2003,andtherewasamarkedincreasefrom2005.Atotalof605clinicaltrialsontherehabilitationofstrokewereconductedinthepast10years.(2)TheanalysisshowedthatmostofthetrialsinthefieldwereregisteredbyNorthAmericaninstitutions.WithrespecttotheAsiancountries,ChinaandTaiwanareaofChinaalsopublishedareasonableproportionofthetrials,butcomparativelyspeaking,thenumberoftrialsisreallyrare.Mostoftheinterventionsweredrugs,followedbythedevices,andbehavioralinterventionswererankedthird.(3)Inthepast10years,therewere4052studiesonstrokeindexedbyWebofSciencedatabase.CONCLUSION:Fromperspectiveofresearchprogress,wefoundthatthenumberofclinicaltrialsandpapersonstrokerehabilitationhasincreasedsignificantlyinthepast10years,betweenthemaremarkablepositivecorrelationexists.

简介：Prostatichyperplasia,alsotermedbenignprostatichyperplasia(BPH),isacommonlyencountereddiseaseinmiddle-agedandoldmales.Thisconditionisknownas'RetentionofUrine'and'UrinationSyndrome'inChinesemedicine.Now,theliteraturefrom1998to2008onacupuncturetreatmentof

简介：BackgroundMyocardialfibrosisisoneprocessofthevariousheartdiseases,whichleadstocommonpathologicalchangeswhenitdevelopstoacertainstage.Itisthemaincauseofventricularremodelingwhicheventuallyleadstodifferentdegreesofcardiacdysfunction,malignantarrhythmiasandsuddencardiacdeath.Manystudieshaveshownthatvariouscytokinesplayaveryimportantroleinthedevelopmentofmyocardialfibrosis.Thispaperreviewsthelatestresearchesontheroleofcytokinesinmyocardialfibrosis.

简介：AbstractMechanical power of ventilation, currently defined as the energy delivered from the ventilator to the respiratory system over a period of time, has been recognized as a promising indicator to evaluate ventilator-induced lung injury and predict the prognosis of ventilated critically ill patients. Mechanical power can be accurately measured by the geometric method, while simplified equations allow an easy estimation of mechanical power at the bedside. There may exist a safety threshold of mechanical power above which lung injury is inevitable, and the assessment of mechanical power might be helpful to determine whether the extracorporeal respiratory support is needed in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. It should be noted that relatively low mechanical power does not exclude the possibility of lung injury. Lung size and inhomogeneity should also be taken into consideration. Problems regarding the safety limits of mechanical power and contribution of each component to lung injury have not been determined yet. Whether mechanical power-directed lung-protective ventilation strategy could improve clinical outcomes also needs further investigation. Therefore, this review discusses the algorithms, clinical relevance, optimization, and future directions of mechanical power in critically ill patients.

简介：目的：总结针灸治疗高脂血症的临床研究进展，以发现存在的问题，指导今后的研究方向。方法：计算机检索科技期刊数据库，得到近10年针灸治疗高脂血症的相关文献并进行综合分析。结果与结论：符合纳入标准的42篇文献，主要涉及针刺、灸法、针灸并用、穴位埋线、穴位敷贴、穴位注射等疗法，多取脾胃经的穴位为主穴。但针灸辨证取穴、针刺补泻手法的应用及试验方案的设计方面有待改进。