简介：Inthispaperanewapproachisdevelopedtovaluelifeinsurancecontractsbymeansofthemethodofbackwardstochasticdifferentialequation.Suchavaluationmayrelaxcertainmarketlimitations.Followingthisapproach,thevaluesofsingledecrementpoliciesarestudiedandThiele's-typePDEsforgenerallifeinsurancecontractsarederived.

简介：

简介：Thispaperhasorganizedandsummarizedtheeconomicanalysisonclimatechangefromfiveangles,namely,connotationofdiscountrate,identificationofanddisputeaboutdiscountrate,discountingway,impactofthediscountrate,andtheintegratedevaluationmodelofclimatechangeimpactandthediscountevaluation.Astheclimatechangeeconomicanalysisshows,thereisamajordisputeaboutdiscountratebetweenthemarketschoolandtheethicschool.Rateofdiscountlargelyrelatestothepresentvalueofpotentiallossattributabletoclimatechange,andtheninfluencestheselectionofpoliciesforadaptingandslowingdownclimatechange.Inthepast,theconstantindexdiscountwasadoptedasthemainway.Butwiththefullunderstandingofdiscountrate,theuncertaintyoflossattributabletoclimatechangehasbeenconsideredinthediscount.

简介：

简介：Thequantitydiscountcontractsareinvestigatedforaone-supplier-one-retailersupplychainwithasymmetricinformationwhentheretailer'scostisdisrupted.Whiletheretailer'scoststructureisasymmetricinformation,twoall-unitquantitydiscountcontractmodels,fixedexpected-profitpercentagediscount(FEPD)andfixedwholesale-pricingpercentagediscount(FWPD)underasymmetricinformationareproposedinaregularscenario.Whentheretailer'scostdistributionfluctuatesduetodisruptions,the...

简介：Inthispaper,westudyacentralizedsupplychainforatwo-stagewithsellingpricediscount.Thissupplychainconsistsofasupplierandaretailer.Basedonthefeaturethattheproduct’ssellingseasonisshortandthesupplychainfacesgreatdemanduncertainty.Weconsideratwo-stagescenariowhere,atthebeginningofstage1,thesupplierreservesproductioncapacitybasedonhistoricdatainadvance,stage2comestousaftersomeleadtime,boththesupplierandtheretailerupdatethedemandinformation,theretailerthenplacesanordernotexceedingthereservedcapacitybasedontheselling-pricingdiscountdependentdemand.Wemakeoptimaldecisionsonthereservedcapacityinstage1,sellingpricediscountandorderquantityinstage2.Inthissupplychain,thepatterninstage2isfiguredoutfirst,andthenstage1isclearedaswell.Thenwepresentanumericalexampletogivesomeinsights.Finallywegetsomeconclusions.

简介：

简介：Whenwetrytoestimatefutureenvironmentalcostsresultingfromourcurrenteconomicactivities,weusuallycalculatethepresentvalueoftheconsequencesforourfuturegenerationsbyutilizingadiscountrateasastandardeconomicprocedure.Thepopularityofthisprocedureissolelysupportedbyitssimplicitywhichassumes:(1)aperfectfinancialmarketovereven100years,and(2)existenceofastabletimepreferencebetweentwoconsecutiveperiodsforanindividualconsumer.Anapparentdeficiencyofthisapproachisthatthepresentvalueoflifequalityoffuturegenerationsvariestoalargeextentalonganarbitrarilychosendiscountrate.Asamatteroffact,thediscountrate,whichcouldreflectthetimepreferenceas2%or5%,matterswhenwepredictcurrentstrategiesofenvironmentalprotectionforfuturegenerations.Simplyapplyingadiscountratetoevaluatethequalityofourfuturegeneration,withoutclarifyingtheactualproductionmechanismbehindthis,isalmosttothesameasignoringthefactthatallofthegoodsareproducedthroughanactualproductionprocessandthatenvironmentaldegradationreducestheefficiencyofthatprocess.Thegreatestconcernforourfuturegenerationsshouldnotbegivenbyanassumeddiscountrate,sincethediscountrateitselfisdeterminedbyfinancialmarketconditionsatcertainpointsintime.

简介：