简介：ＦａｍｉｌｙＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇＣｅｎｔｒａｌＨｏｕｓｅｈｏｌｄＦａｍｉｌｙＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇＣｅｎｔｒａｌＨｏｕｓｅｈｏｌｄＥａｒｌｙｉｎｔｈｅ１９８０ｓ，ｔｈｅｈｏｕｓｅｈｏｌｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｓｙｓｔｅ...

简介：ChinaisdeterminedtoentertheWTObeforetheendoftheyeaLandtothisendhasmadegreatconcessions,includingopeningthetelecommunications,banking,insuranceandagricultUresectors.InAPril,PremierZhuRongjivisitedtheUnitedStates,andduringthevisit,theBilateralAgricultu...

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简介：ＭｏｄｅｌＨｅａｄｏｆａＦａｍｉｌｙＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇ＂ＣｅｎｔｒａｌＨｏｕｓｅｈｏｌｄ＂ＭｏｄｅｌＨｅａｄｏｆａＦａｍｉｌｙＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇ＂ＣｅｎｔｒａｌＨｏｕｓｅｈｏｌｄ＂Ｍｒｓ．ＬｉＦｕｈｕａｉｓａｎｏｒｄｉｎａｒｙｒｕｒａｌｗｏｍｅｎｆａｒｍ...

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简介：Underthecomprehensivedeepeningreformandpromotingnewurbanization,Chinalaunchedanewroundofreformofhouseholdregistrationsystem.Reformhasamajorbreakthroughinfiveareas:toimplementnewurbanizationstrategyofhuman-centric,toachieveequalizationofbasicpublicservicesgradually,tobreakuplandrightsandruralmigrants,toprovideprotectionforfamilymigrants,andtoincreasefinancialsupportbygovernments.Butthereformstillfacesmanydifficulties,howtodeterminetheconditionssettledbycitysizeisdifficulttoimplementeffectively,financialtransferpaymentsystemreformisfacingenormousdifficulties,aswellasthesizeoftheurbanpopulationisdifficulttodetermineetc.

简介：ＣｈｉｎａＨａｓａＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆ１．２０５８ＢｉｌｉｏｎｗｉｔｈＨｏｕｓｅｈｏｌｄＲｅｇｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎＤａｔａｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＭｉｎｉｓｔｒｙｏｆＰｕｂｌｉｃＳｅｃｕｒｉｔｙｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｂｙｔｈｅｅｎｄｏｆ１９９７，Ｃｈｉｎａ＇ｓｐｏ...

简介：AbstractBackground:Despite free diagnosis and treatment for tuberculosis (TB), the costs during treatment impose a significant financial burden on patients and their households. The study sought to identify the determinants for cata-strophic costs among patients with drug-sensitive TB (DSTB) and their households in Kenya.Methods:The data was collected during the 2017 Kenya national patient cost survey from a nationally representative sample (n= 1071). Treatment related costs and productivity losses were estimated. Total costs exceeding 20% of household income were defined as catastrophic and used as the outcome. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was performed to measure the association between selected individual, household and disease characteristics and occurrence of catastrophic costs. A deterministic sensitivity analysis was carried using different thresholds and the significant predictors were explored.Results:The proportion of catastrophic costs among DSTB patients was 27% (n = 294). Patients with catastrophic costs had higher median productivity losses, 39 h [interquartile range (IQR): 20-104], and total median costs of USD 567 (IQR: 299-1144). The incidence of catastrophic costs had a dose response with household expenditure. The poorest quintile was 6.2 times [95% confidence intervals (CI): 4.0-9.7] more likely to incur catastrophic costs compared to the richest. The prevalence of catastrophic costs decreased with increasing household expenditure quintiles (proportion of catastrophic costs: 59.7%, 32.9%, 23.6%, 15.9%, and 9.5%) from the lowest quintile (Q1) to the highest quintile (Q5). Other determinants included hospitalization: prevalence ratio (PR)= 2.8 (95% CI: 1.8-4.5) and delayed treatment: PR = 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3-1.7). Protective factors included receiving care at a public health facility: PR = 0.8 (95% CI: 0.6-1.0), and a higher body mass index (BMI): PR= 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96-0.98). Pre TB expenditure, hospitalization and BMI were significant predictors in all sensitivity analysis scenarios.Conclusions:There are significant inequities in the occurrence of catastrophic costs. Social protection interventions in addition to existing medical and public health interventions are important to implement for patients most at risk of incurring catastrophic costs.

简介：HouseholdconsumptionisoneoftheimportantfactorsthatinduceCO2emission.Basedoninput-outputmodel,thisarticlecalculatedtheintensityofCO2emissionofdifferentincomegroupsandsevenprovincesinChina,andthenestimatedtotalCO2emissioninducedbyurbanhouseholdconsumptionfrom1995to2004inChinabasedonstatisticdataofhouseholdlivingexpenditure.TheresultsshowthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionhadincreasedfrom1583to2498kgCO2during1995-2004.Theratioofconsumption-inducedCO2emissiontototalCO2emissionhadrisenfrom19%to30%inthepastdecade.IndirectCO2emissionaccountedforanimportantpartoftheconsumption-inducedemission,theratioofindirectemissiontoconsumption-inducedemissionhadrisenfrom69%to79%duringthesameperiod.Asignificantdifferenceinconsumption-inducedCO2emissionacrossdifferentincomegroupsanddifferentregionshasbeenobserved.CO2emissionpercapitaofhigherincomegroupsanddevelopedregionsincreasedfasterthanthatoflowerincomegroupsanddevelopingregions.ChanginglifestylehasdrivensignificantincreaseinCO2emission.Especially,increasesinprivatetransportexpenditure(forexample,vehicleexpenditure)andhousebuildingexpenditurearekeydrivingfactorsofgrowthinconsumption-inducedCO2emission.TherearebigdifferencesintheamountofCO2emissioninducedbychangeinlifestyleacrossdifferentincomegroupsandprovinces.Itcanbeexpectedthatlowerincomehouseholdsanddevelopingregionswillincreaseconsumptiontoimprovetheirlivingswithincomegrowthinthefuture,whichmayinducemuchmoreCO2emission.AreasonablelevelofCO2emissionisnecessarytosatisfyhumanneedsandtoimprovelivingstandard,butanoticeablefactisthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionindevelopedareasofChinahadreachedaquitehighlevel.Adjustmentinlifestyletowardsalow-carbonsocietyisinurgentneed.

简介：Sourceseparationisthebasicpremiseformakingeffectiveuseofhouseholdwastes.IneightcitiesofChina,how-ever,severalpilotprojectsofsourceseparationfinallyfailedbecauseofthepoorparticipationrateofresidents.Inordertosolvethisproblem,identifyingthosefactorsthatinfluenceresidents’behaviorofsourceseparationbecomescrucial.Bymeansofquestionnairesurvey,weconducteddescriptiveanalysisandex-ploratoryfactoranalysis.Theresultsshowthattrouble-feeling,moralnotion,environmentprotection,publiceducation,environmentvalueandknowledgedeficiencyarethemainfactorsthatplayanimportantroleforresidentsindecidingtoseparatetheirhouseholdwastes.Also,accordingtothecontributionpercentageofthesixmainfactorstothetotalbehaviorofsourceseparation,theirinfluencingpowerisanalyzed,whichwillprovidesuggestionsonhouseholdwastemanagementforpolicymakersanddecisionmakersinChina.

简介：Theproblemofhouseholdsolidwastehasbeenconcernedandresearchedonbymunicipalitiesandresearchers.Atpresent,householdsolidwastehasbeenchangedtomanagementproblemfromtechnicalone.Fromthepointviewofmanagement,theresearchonhouseholdsolidwasteistostudythefactorswhichinfluenceresident’sbehaviorofmanagingtheirwaste.Basedontheliteraturereview,firstly,thispapersummarizesthosefactorswhichhavealreadybeenidentifiedtohaveimpactonresident’sbehaviorofmanagingtheirwaste.Theyaresocial-demographicvariables,knowledge,environmentalvalues,psychologicalfactors,publicityandsystemdesign.Secondly,threetypicalmodelsoftherelationshipbetweenfactorsandbehavior,whicharefactorsdeterminingtaskperformanceinwastemanagement,conceptualizationofwastemanagementbehaviorandthetheoreticalmodelofrepeatedbehavioronhouseholdwastemanagement,areanalyzedandthedeficienciesofthesemodelsarealsoanalyzed.Finally,accordingtothecurrentsituationinhouseholdwastemanagementandthecultureandresident’shabitsinChina,thispaperputsforwardaresearchfocusandsuggestionsaboutresident’sbehaviorofhouseholdsolidwastemanagement.

简介：Theinnovationoftechnologyandtheimprovementofpeople'slivingstandardacceleratethereplacementofconsumerelectronicappliances,resultinginasignificantincreaseofwastehouseholdelectronicappliances(WHEA).ToaddresstheenvironmentalproblemsofWHEA,manycountrieshaveenactedlegislationaccordingtoWHEAmanagement,includingcollecting,processingandrecycling.TheregulationsonthemanagementofWHEAwerealsodraftedinChinaandpilotprogramsofWHEArecyclingmanagementencountereddifficultiesincollectingWHEA.Thesuccessofarecyclingschemeisdependentonpeople'swillingnessofparticipatinginthescheme.ThispaperappliesAjzen'stheoryofplannedbehaviortoseekthemainfactorstoengourageconsumerstoparticipateinWHEArecyclingmanagementinChina.Datafromasurveyconductedwithasampleof633consumersshowthatservicemotivationisthefirstpredictorofparticipationbehaviorintention,followedbyenvironmentalbehaviorattitude,economicmotivation,subjectivenorm,andperceivedbehaviorbarrier.Environmentalknowledgeisfoundnottobethepredictorofbehaviorintentioninthisrecyclingscheme.StudyresultsalsosuggestthatpublicityisthekeysituationalfactorintheWHEArecyclingmanagement.Recyclingnetworkandpolicyhavelittleinfluenceonchangingconsumers'currentbehaviorintentionandparticipation.Implicationsofthefindingsarediscussedandfutureresearchdirectionsaresuggestedintheend.

简介：Thehouseholds—intheSierraNorteregionoftheStateofOaxaca,Mexico—havecombinedtheself-consumptionofstaplecrops(cornandbeans)withthecommercialproductionofcoffeeandsugarcaneonasmallscale.Until2014coffeeincomeaccountedformostofthehouseholdincomebudgetandthefollowingyeartherustepidemicsignificantlyreducedcoffeeproduction.In2017,aconsiderabledecreaseincoffeeincomewasdetected,althoughtheproducerhouseholdscontinuedinvestinginthiscrop,atthesametime,theylookedforcomplementarysourcesofincome.Thus,householdsassignedmoremanpowertothelabormarkets,andinvestedinsmallbusinesses,includingtheproductivechainofsugarcane.Migrationstandsoutasageneralstrategytoincreasethefamilybudget.Thedecisionanalysiswascarriedbymeansofthehouseholdeconomicsmodel(Reyes-Morales,Gijón-Cruz,&Cruz-Hernández,2015).Thedatabasesofaprobabilistichouseholdsurveyappliedin2014and2017wereusedtoconstructthemodelequationsbyordinaryleastsquares.Thismodelallowsdistinguishingbetweenthefractionofthehouseholdincomecontributingtohouseholdwellbeingandthatfractionallocatedforinvestmentandsavings.

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简介：BasedonthesurveydataoftypicalvillagesinShaanxiProvince,China,theeffectofsocialcapitalontheincomegapoffarmers’householdswasanalyzedusingtheShapleyvalueofthetotalamountofsocialcapitalandthesocialcapitalstructure.Theresultsshowthefollowing:first,socialcapitalcanexpandthehouseholdincomegap,andtheeffectofthisindexonthehouseholdincomegapis7.54%.Second,theindexesofthesocialcapitaldimensioncanexpandthehouseholdincomegap,andthestructuraleffectsofthehouseholdincomegaponsocialnetworks,socialtrust,andsocialparticipationare3.17%,3.64%,and0.65%,respectively.Third,nodimensionofthepathisthesameastheeffectonthehouseholdincomegap.

简介：Sinceconventionalwatertreatmentisnotaffordableindevelopingcountries,lookingforlocallyavailableandalternativetreatmentoptionsismandatory.Removaloffluorideandphosphatecanbeachievedbydesigningappropriatefiltrationmediafromdifferentmaterialssuchassand,calcinedclay,pumice,scoriaandbonechar.ThisstudywasdesignedtodeterminetheremovalefficiencyoftheselocallyavailablefiltermediawithrespecttodetentiontimeandpH.Thefiltrationapparatuses(tank)werefilledseparatelywithstone,gravelwithgrainsize0.6-4.75mmand40cmdeep,sand(ES=0.15-0.35mmandUC=1.5-3),calcinedclay,pumice,scoriaandbonecharwithgrainsize0.25-0.5inch.Watersampleswerepreparedusingglassbottleswithfluorideconcentrationsof6and8mg/landphosphateconcentrationof4mg/1.Laboratoryanalysiswascarriedoutbeforeandafterfiltrationtodeterminetheremovalefficiencyofeachmedium.Itwasfoundthatthehighestremovaloffluoridewasachievedbybonechar(89.65%),followedbypumice(82.4%).However,bonecharhasratherincreasedtheconcentrationofphosphateby63.8%.Sandwasthemostefficientmediatoremovephosphate,managingtoremoveby70%.Therefore,itisanattractiveoptiontousetheselocallyavailable,environmentalfriendlyandappropriatetechnologiesforefficientremovalofbothfluorineandphosphateatthehouseholdorcommunitywatertreatmentlevel.

简介：Theobjectiveofthispaperistoinvestigatetherela-tionshipsamongrural-urbanmigration,ruralhouseholdincomeandsustainabledevelopmentinruralareasofChina.Thetypicalcasestudyisdoneand288questionnairesarecollectedfromfivevillagesinHebeiandGuangxiprovinces,China.Themigrationandremittancestatus,householdincomeandsustainabledevel-opmentofruralareasareanalyzedonthebasisofquestionnaires.Rural-urbanmigrationisbecomingapartofroutinelifeinruralareas.Andremittanceisanimportantcomponentinruralhouse-holdincome.Rural-urbanmigrationincreasesthearablelandareaperlabor,whichreleasesthetighthuman-landrelationshipinvillages.Intotal,themigrationincreasestheruralhouseholdin-comeandacceleratesthesustainabledevelopmentofruralareas.

简介：我们识别了主要非木材森林产品(NTFP)，他们对家庭收入的贡献，和在在Kaffa地区的Gimbo和Decha区域的Bonga森林区域使用NTFP影响家庭的约会的决定因素，西南埃塞俄比亚。六Kebeles(在埃塞俄比亚的最低行政单位)从二个区域被取样，150个家庭随机在每Kebele基于农场家庭的数字用proportional-to-size技术被取样。第二等的数据被收集从，焦点组讨论与选择个人一起被进行。农民多样化的生计活动象庄稼和家畜生产那样，NTFP和离开农场活动的收集。NTFP在家庭收入起了一个重要作用。从主要NTFP(森林咖啡，蜂蜜和香料)的贡献说明了47%年度家庭收入。NTFP的角色被很多个因素影响。包括对区域(+)本国的变量，全部的土地成立(+)，到扩展(+)的家畜(+)和存取的拥有显著地影响了森林咖啡生产。家庭头的年龄()，从住处的市场的土地成立(+)和距离()显著地影响的蜂蜜生产。土地所有的(+)的尺寸，出售的距离()并且从住处的森林的距离()是决定收入由家庭导出的NTFP的重要变量。注意为家庭的健康在政策和策略的设计被需要到对本地收入的NTFP的贡献，影响NTFP的收集的变量必须被考虑。

简介：Stochasticfrontierproductionfunctionapproachisadopted,93farmersampleshavebeencollected,pureefficiency,technicalefficiency,technicalchangeandscaleefficiencyandtheinstitutionalcontributionhavebeencalculated.Theresultsindicatedthatincreasingproductivityisthesolemeasurementtoreducepoverty,institutionandtechnicalchangearethetwokeyfactors.Therefore,stableinstitution,improvingtechnicalchangesarerequired.Atpresent,itisurgenttomaketechnicalprogre...