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简介：高中英语课本第二册第9单元里有这样一个句子：“Manypartsoftheworld．whichoncehadlargepopulationsandproducedplentyofcrops．havebecomedeserts．”(世界上很多地区，一度人口众多。生产过大量农作物，现在已经变成沙漠了。)这就说明，表“人口”一般用population，也可以用populations。

简介：水平淀粉胶化电气泳动被用来在中国的海岸调查Ruditapesphilippinarum的六张人口的基因结构。七酶揭示了十一通常认为的loci，并且他们中的七个是多态的，PGM~*，MDH-1~*，MDH-3~*，LAP-1~*，LAP-2~*，MPI-1~*并且MPI-2~*。R的多态的loci的比例。philippinarum人口变化了从0.4545～0.6364。观察并且期望的杂合现象的价值从0.0394～0.1545并且从0.1111～0.2385分别地。Nei“基因距离从0.0033to改变了的s0.0253与一般水准0.0135。R.philippinarum的基因差异高，这被建议。

简介：Thenumericalresultsofthepopulationsforthebaryonoctetinneutronstarmatterhavebeenpresentedbysolvingasettranscendentalequationsintheframeworkoftherelativisticmeanfieldapproximation.Theinfluenceofthehyperoninteractionsonhyperonpopulationsinneutronstarmatterisdiscussed.Theresultsmanifestthatwhentheratioofthehyperon-to-nucleoncouplingsincreases,allhyperonsappeartowardslowbaryondensitydirection.

简介：统计方法通常被用来评估自然人口和环境变量，然而，这些必须在在一个演变世界上适当的人口特性认出时间的趋势。这里介绍的新方程定义历史的人口在人口工具和标准差由线性变化影响了的总数的统计措施。这些能被用来提取今日的人口的统计特性，需要定义现代可变性和风险，从历史的数据的表格，那被当条件是不同的时，做的大小统治。作为一个例子，象变化和在里面隧道结构正在引起的气候那样的许多因素充满层次升起，因此未来洪水层次的现实主义的评价必须考虑如此的世俗的变化。新方程在比习惯性地假定人口stationarity的正式计算高是0.5～2m的USA中西部为100年的洪水提供水层次的估计。这些方程也证明洪水层次将继续每年由几厘米升起。这率比海水平的上升快将近十倍，并且因此代表被柔韧的数据记录的变化的最快、很损坏的率之一。

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简介：Mardia(1970)definedameasureofmultivariatekurtosisandderiveditsasymptoticdistributionforsamplesfromamultivariatenormalpopulation.SomenewresultsonellipticaldistributionsareusedtoextendMardia’sresultstosamplesfromanellipticaldistribution.Theseresultsprovideamethodfortestinghypothesesonthekurtosisparameterofellipticaldistributions.AnappendixprovidesextensionsofKendallandStuart’s(1977)standarderrorsofbivariatemomentstothethirdandfourthorder.

简介：AbstractBackground:Endotoxin tolerance (ET) is a protective phenomenon in which pre-treatment with a tolerance dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to dramatically elevated survival. Accumulating evidence has shown that peripheral T cells contribute to the induction of ET. However, what happens to T cell development in the thymus under ET conditions remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to analyze the alterations in thymocyte populations (double-positive [DP] and single-positive [SP] cells) under ET conditions.Methods:Mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS at a concentration of 5 mg/kg to establish an LPS tolerance model and were divided into two groups: a group examined 72 h after LPS injection (72-h group) and a group examined 8 days after LPS injection (8-day group). Injection of phosphate-buffered saline was used as a control (control group). Changes in thymus weight, cell counts, and morphology were detected in the three groups. Moreover, surface molecules such as CD4, CD8, CD44, CD69, and CD62L were analyzed using flow cytometry. Furthermore, proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine production, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway signaling were analyzed in thymocyte populations. The polymorphism and length of the T-cell receptor (TCR) β chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) were analyzed using capillary electrophoresis DNA laser scanning analysis (ABI 3730).Results:Thymus weight and cell counts were decreased in the early stage but recovered by the late stage in a murine model of LPS-induced ET. Moreover, the proportions of DP cells (control: 72.130 ± 4.074, 72-h: 10.600 ± 3.517, 8-day: 84.770 ± 2.228), CD4+ SP cells (control: 15.770 ± 4.419, 72-h: 44.670 ± 3.089, 8-day: 6.367 ± 0.513), and CD8+ SP cells (control: 7.000 ± 1.916, 72-h: 34.030 ± 3.850, 8-day: 5.133 ± 0.647) were obviously different at different stages of ET. The polymorphism and length of TCR β chain CDR3 also changed obviously, indicating the occurrence of TCR rearrangement and thymocyte diversification. Further analysis showed that the expression of surface molecules, including CD44, CD69, and CD62L, on thymocyte populations (DP and SP cells) were changed to different degrees. Finally, the proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine production, and ERK pathway signaling of thymocyte populations were changed significantly.Conclusion:These data reveal that alterations in thymocyte populations might contribute to the establishment of ET.

简介：这篇论文为他们的成熟时期推迟的二种的成年人关心interactional模特儿。存在和equilibria的本地稳定性分别地为竞争系统，合作系统和食肉动物猎物系统彻底地被讨论。为有竞争和合作的相互作用的系统，如果积极平衡是稳定的，二张人口是一致地坚持的，这被发现。然而，为食肉动物猎物相互作用，一些进一步的条件被需要保证系统的坚持。

简介：Theeffectsofnitrogen,phosphorusandpotassiumapplicationlevel,seedrateandtransplantingdensityonthegrowthanddevelopmentofriceplantswerestudiedtofindoutnutrientstatusinhigh-yieldingriceplantsandtoincreasegrainyieldbyadequatefertilization.Therewasanequilibriumrelationshipamongnutrientelementsforhigh-yieldingriceplantpopulations.Theequilibriumindexofnutrientamount,contentanddistributioninhigh-yieldingriceplantsshouldbegenerallygreaterthan-2butlessthan2.Theoptimumnutritiveproportionofnitrogen:phosphorus:potassiumassimilatedbytheplantswasabout10:2:9attheripeningstage.Butthecontentandtheproportionvariedwiththegrowthstages,Therefore,thenutrientinriceplantpopulationsshouldbeinadynamicequilibrium.Soastoachievehighyield.

简介：Asingeniousasnature'sinventionofmyelinsheathswithinthemammaliannervoussystemis,asfatalcanbedamagetothisspecializedlipidstructure.Long-termlossofelectricalinsulationandoffurthersupportivefunctionsmyelinprovidestoaxons,asseenindemyelinatingdiseasessuchasmultiplesclerosis(MS),leadstoneurodegenerationandresultsinprogressivedisabilities.Multiplelinesofevidencehavedemonstratedtheincreasinginabilityofoligodendrocyteprecursorcells(OPCs)toreplacelostoligodendrocytes(OLs)inordertorestorelostmyelin.Muchresearchhasbeendedicatedtorevealpotentialreasonsforthisregenerationdeficitbutdespitepromisingapproachesnoremyelination-promotingdrugshavesuccessfullybeendevelopedyet.InadditiontoOPCsneuralstemcellsoftheadultcentralnervoussystemalsoholdahighpotentialtogeneratemyelinatingOLs.Thereareatleasttwoneuralstemcellnichesinthebrain,thesubventricularzoneliningthelateralventriclesandthesubgranularzoneofthedentategyrus,andanadditionalsourceofneuralstemcellshasbeenlocatedinthecentralcanalofthespinalcord.Whileasubstantialbodyofliteraturehasdescribedtheirneurogeniccapacity,stilllittleisknownabouttheoligodendrogenicpotentialofthesecells,evenifsomeanimalstudieshaveprovidedproofoftheircontributiontoremyelination.Inthisreview,wesummarizeanddiscussthesestudies,takingintoaccountthedifferentniches,theheterogeneitywithinandbetweenstemcellnichesandpresentcurrentstrategiesofhowtopromotestemcell-mediatedmyelinrepair.

简介：ThediscretedynamicsforcompetitionpopulationsofLotka-VolterratypemodeledasN1(t+1)=N1(t)exp[r1(1-N1-b12N2)],N2(t+1)=N2(t)exp[r2(1-N2-b21N1)]isconsideredinthepaper.Inthecaseofnon-persistencetheattractivebehaviorofmodelhasbeendiscussed.Especially,therearetwoattractivesetswhenbij>1,andtheattractivebehaviorsaremorecomplicatedthanthatofthecorrespondingcontinuousmodel.Theattractedregionsaregiven.Weprovethatthemodelisalsopersistentinthedegeneratecaseofbij=1.Inthepersistencecaseofbij<1,theexistenceanduniquenessfortwo-periodpointsofthemodelarestudiedatr1=r2.Theconditionforthemulti-pairoftwo-periodpointsisindicatedandtheirinfluencesonpopulationdynamicalbehaviorsareshown.

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简介：1.IntroductionThemethodoflikelihoodintroducedbyFisheriscertainlyoneofthemostcommonlyusedtechniquesforparametricmodels.Recentlythelikelihoodhasalsobeenshowntobeveryusefulinnonparametriccontexts.O...II--31hasintroducedempiricallikelihoodratiostatistics...

简介：AbstractNail involvement is common in psoriasis and is considered a risk factor for and a predictor of the development of psoriatic arthritis. The treatment of nail psoriasis is challenging because of the unique anatomical structure of nails and the absence of standardized treatment protocols. Herein, we provide an up-to-date overview of the treatment options for nail psoriasis, including topical drugs and penetration enhancement strategies, traditional and novel oral drugs, and biologic agents. In addition, we highlight the available individualized management strategies in special patient populations such as pediatric patients, geriatric patients, women of childbearing age, and patients with concomitant onychomycosis or psoriatic arthritis.

简介：AbstractRespiratory health in the general population declines regardless of the presence of pulmonary diseases. Oxidative stress has been implicated as one of the mechanisms involved in respiratory dysfunction. This review was to evaluate studies that relate oxidative stress factors with pulmonary function among the general population without prior respiratory illnesses. The search yielded 54 citations. Twenty-one studies qualified for incorporation in this review. Owing to the heterogeneity of the review, studies were discussed based on identified oxidative stress factors responsible for pulmonary dysfunction. Oxidative stress biomarkers, including gene polymorphisms of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase 1, glutathione S transferase, superoxide dismutase, and lipid peroxidation products were involved in lung function decline. In addition, the antioxidant status of individuals in reference to dietary antioxidant intake and exposure to environmental pollutants affected oxidative stress and pulmonary function, as indicated by forced expired volume in one second, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory flow at 25%-75%. This review indicated that oxidative stress is implicated in the gradual decline of lung function among the general population, and gene polymorphism along the antioxidant defense line and/or their interaction with air pollutants reduce lung function. Different polymorphic forms among individuals explain why the rate of lung function decline differs among people. Dietary antioxidants have respiratory health benefits in antioxidant gene polymorphic forms. Therefore, the genetic composition of an individual may be considered for monitoring and identifying people at risk of respiratory illnesses.

简介：现在的学习被承担决定病原并且M的isolates的基因差异。从斯里兰卡的湿、中间、干燥的地区收集考虑到的oryzae开发授与持久的抵抗到米饭的米饭变化强风。不重要词法或生长变化在学习的isolates之中存在。基因差异孤立由执行Pot2transposable决定元素基于repetitive

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简介：ThedistributionpatternsofmangroveBruguieragvmnorrhizapopulationsinsouthernChinaareanalyzedusingthebox-countingmethodoffractaltheory.ThepatternsofB.gymnorrhizapopulationscouldbethoughtofasfractalsastheyexhibitself-similaritywithintherangeofscaleconsidered.Theirfractaldimensionsarenotintegerbutfractional,rangingfrom1.04to1.51.Theunoccupieddimensionschangefrom0.49to0.96.Thecombinedconditionsofpopulationdensity,patterntypeandaggregationintensitytogetherinfluencethevaluesoffractaldimensionsofpatterns.Theboxcountingisausefulandefficientmethodtoinvestigatethecomplexityofpatterns.Fractaldimensionmaybeamostdesirableandappropriateindexforquantifyingthehorizontalspatialmicrostructureandfractalbehaviorsofpatternsoveracertainrangeofscales.