简介：AbstractPrimary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare group of extra-nodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma which is confined to the central nervous system or eyes. This article aims to present a brief profile of PCNSL diagnosis and treatment in immunocompetent patients. The authors retrieved information from the PubMed database up to September 2019. The annual incidence of PCNSL increased over the last four decades. The prognosis of PCNSL has improved mainly due to the introduction and wide-spread use of high-dose methotrexate, which is now the backbone of all first-line treatment polychemotherapy regimens. Gene expression profiling and next-generation sequencing analyses have revealed mutations that induce activation of nuclear factor-κB, B cell antigen receptor, and Janus kinases/signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins signal pathways. Some novel agents are investigated in the treatment of relapsed PCNSL including immunotherapy and targeted therapy. In particular, lenalidomide and ibrutinib have demonstrated durable efficiency. Treatment of PCNSL has evolved in the last 40 years and survival outcomes have improved in most patient groups, but there is still room to improve outcome by optimizing current chemotherapy and novel agents.

简介：Primarycentralnervoussystemlymphoma(PCNSL)isararedisorderthat,in95%ofcases,representsdiffuselargeB-celllymphoma.Assuch,makinganaccuratediagnosisisimportant.Atpresent,stereotactic-guidedbiopsyisarecognizedmethodofchoicefortissueanalysis.However,thediagnosticwork-upforhigh-riskpatientsisdeterminedbytheirperformancestatus.Here,wereportacaseofPCNSLinahigh-riskpatient,forwhomdiagnosiswasestablishedbycerebrospinalfluidcytologyandflowcytometry,whichsignificantlyshortenedadiagnosticwork-upperiodandallowedfortheimmediatetreatmentofthepatient.

简介：AbstractIntroduction:Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is extremely rare in pediatric population. We reported a case of PCNSL in a 3-year-old girl and reviewed the literature in the past three decades.Case presentation:A 3-year-old girl presented with gait disturbance. A contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance image of the brain showed a solitary bulky mass in the left cerebellar hemisphere, hydrocephalus and cerebellar tonsillar hernia. Surgical resection was performed and the patient was diagnosed with primary central nervous system lymphoblastic B cell lymphoma. Then the patient received regular chemotherapy, including 6 cycles of chemotherapy containing high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX). The patient remains alive 15 months after the diagnosis with no evidence of active disease, but suffered twice chronic subdural hematoma, which was treated by burr hole drainage.Conclusion:Lymphoblastic B cell lymphoma is a rare histologic subtype of pediatric PCNSL. Chemotherapy containing HD-MTX remains the most effective treatment. The patient should avoid head impact after surgical resection of the tumor to prevent chronic subdural hematoma.

简介：对大脑和中央神经系统(CNS)的针的绳索的创伤的损害导致严重、永久的神经病学的赤字并且到日期，没有普遍接受的处理。由于深刻影响，广泛的研究被执行了瞄准减少煽动性的回答并且在损害以后在CNS克服禁止的环境以便提高新生。人工的脚手架可以为axonal新生和功能的恢复提供合适的环境，并且具有在损害在一个cavitary缺点导致了的情况中的特别重要性。在这评论，我们为CNS织物工程讨论脚手架的开发，集中于为设计并且制作脚手架的CNS损害，在研究被使用了的各种各样的biomaterials，和当前的策略的机制。

简介：AbstractIntroduction:Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a vasculitis confined to the CNS. A small proportion of the lesions may present as a tumor-like mass, which is rarely seen in children.Case presentation:A 5-year-old girl was admitted to our hospital because of an intermittent headache. Brain imaging suggested a space-occupying lesion in the right cerebral hemisphere. The final diagnosis was PACNS with a lymphocytic pattern by stereotactic brain biopsy. Her condition improved after immunotherapy.Conclusion:Pediatricians should consider the possibility of PACNS when encountering intracranial tumor-like lesions. Early diagnosis of tumor-like PACNS and prompt immunotherapy could improve the long-term prognosis and avoid surgery.

简介：AbstractBackground:With current chemotherapy treatment, >90% of survival has been obtained for Burkitt lymphoma (BL). In this study, the demographic characteristics and treatment outcomes are presented for 78 children in China with central nervous system-positive (CNS+) BL.Methods:This retrospective study consecutively enrolled 78 CNS+ BL patients in Beijing Children’s Hospital (BCH) from 2007 to 2019 who received the BCH B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma regimen (modified by French-American-British mature lymphoma B-cell 96 [FAB/LMB96] C1 arm ± rituximab). Clinical characteristics, methods of disease detection in the CNS, and outcomes were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess prognostic factors.Results:The median age of 65 boys and 13 girls at the time of diagnosis was 5.7 years (ranging from 1 to 14 years). Patients were followed up for a median time of 34 months (ranging from 1 to 72 months). Bone marrow invasion was found in 38 (48.7%) patients. There were 48 (61.5%), 44 (56.4%), and 25 (32%) patients with cranial nerve palsy, intracerebral mass (ICM), and parameningeal extension, respectively. Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) morphology and CSF immunophenotype appeared in 15 (19.2%) and 15 (19.2%) patients, respectively. There were 69 (88.5%) patients treated with chemotherapy combined with rituximab, and nine patients were treated solely with chemotherapy. Finally, five patients died of treatment-related infection, recurrence occurred for 13, and one developed a second tumor. The 3-year overall survival and event-free survival rates were 78.9% ± 4.7% and 71.4% ± 6.0%, respectively. Treatment with chemotherapy only, ICM positivity, and >4 organs involved at diagnosis were independent risk factors.Conclusions:Rituximab combined with a modified LMB96 regimen has greatly increased the efficacy of treatment for Chinese children with CNS+ BL, and with the continuous collection of outcome data, treatment-related complications are decreasing. For further verification, a large sample multicentre randomized controlled study should be performed to explore a treatment scheme for Chinese children with even greater efficacy.

简介：神经干细胞(NSC)不仅在胚胎的发展期间而且在所有哺乳动物的种类的成年大脑是在场的，包括人。在vivo的干细胞壁龛建筑学使成年NSC能连续地在整个生活在特定的大脑区域产生功能的神经原。成年神经发生过程服从于动态规定由各种各样生理，病理学并且药理学刺激。Multipotent成年NSC也看起来内在地塑料，对基因编程顺从在正常区别期间，并且到epigeneticreprograming在进pluripotency的de区别期间。增加的证据建议成年NSC显著地在生理、病理学的条件下面贡献专业化神经功能。充分理解成年NSC的生物学将提供关键卓见进病原学和主要大脑混乱的潜在的治疗学的干预。这里，我们在哺乳动物的中央神经系统的成年NSC上考察最近的进步，包括他们在癌症和再生药的身份，壁龛，功能，粘性，和新兴的角色上的话题。

简介：Demyelinationofthecentralnervoussystem(CNS)isahallmarkofmultiplesclerosis(MS),chronicinflammatoryandneurodegenerativedisease.Chronicdemyelinationfavorsneurodegenerationofdenudedaxons,whichisamajorcauseofirreversibleneuronaldeficitsanddisabilityinMSpatients(Lucchinettietal.,2000).MSremainsanincurabledisease,despiteformida-

简介：Multiplesclerosisisachronicinflammatorydiseasethatisaccompaniedbydemyelinationandaxonaldamageresultinginneurologicaldeficits.Remyelinationisthenaturalendogenousrepairmechanismofdemyelinatedaxonsanditissupposedtoprotectaxons/neuronsfromdegenerationandthusthepatientfromprogressivedisability(FranklinandFfrench-Constant,2008).Currenttherapeuticsforpatientswithmultiplesclerosis

简介：AbstractCentral nervous system (CNS) tumors represent the most deadly cancer in pediatric age group. In China, thousands of children are diagnosed with CNS tumors every year. Despite the improving socioeconomic status and availability of medical expertise within the country, unique challenges remain for the delivery of pediatric neuro-oncology service. In this review, we discuss the existing hurdles for improving the outcome of children with CNS tumors in China. Need for precise disease burden estimation, lack of intra- and inter-hospital collaborative networks, high probability of treatment abandonment, along with financial toxicities from treatment represent the key challenges that Chinese healthcare providers encounter. The tremendous opportunities for advancing the status of pediatric neuro-oncology care in and beyond the country are explored.

简介：AbstractBackground:Secondary central nervous system lymphoma (SCNSL) is defined as lymphoma involvement within the central nervous system (CNS) that originated elsewhere, or a CNS relapse of systemic lymphoma. Prognosis of SCNSL is poor and the most appropriate treatment is still undetermined.Methods:We conducted a retrospective study to assess the feasibility of an R-MIADD (rituximab, high-dose methotrexate, ifosfamide, cytarabine, liposomal formulation of doxorubicin, and dexamethasone) regimen for SCNSL patients.Results:Nineteen patients with newly diagnosed CNS lesions were selected, with a median age of 58 (range 20 to 72) years. Out of 19 patients, 11 (57.9%) achieved complete remission (CR) and 2 (10.5%) achieved partial remission (PR); the overall response rate was 68.4%. The median progression-free survival after CNS involvement was 28.0 months (95% confidence interval 11.0-44.9), and the median overall survival after CNS involvement was 34.5 months. Treatment-related death occurred in one patient (5.3%).Conclusions:These single-centered data underscore the feasibility of an R-MIADD regimen as the induction therapy of SCNSL, further investigation is warranted.

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简介：AbstractBackground:To explore central nervous system (CNS) involvement in this disease, from the perspectives of diagnosis, treatment, and misdiagnosisMethods:Twenty-eight patients with CNS echinococcosis were included in this retrospective study, including 18 males (64.3%) and 10 (35.7%) females. The average age of all the patients were 23.5 years (ranged 4-60 years). Twenty-three (23) patients (82.1%) received the first surgical resection in our hospital. Five (5) patients (17.9%) gave up surgical treatment for multiple-organ hydatidosis and previous surgery history at other hospitals, and albendazole was applied for a long-term (3-6 months) adjunct therapy for the 5 patients. The average follow-up time was 8 years.Results:For the 28 patients, 23 cases received surgical treatments, and the diagnosis was confirmed by pathological examinations. The diagnosis of 4 cases of brain echinococcosis and 2 cases of spinal cord echinococcosis could not be confirmed, resulting in a misdiagnosis rate of 21.4% (6/28). For the pathological examination, a total of 17 cases were infected with Echinococcus granulosus (including 2 cases of spinal cord echinococcosis), and 6 cases were infected with Echinococcus alveolaris.Conclusion:The diagnosis should be specifically considered in endemic regions. The clinical features of CNS hydatidosis were intracranial space-occupying lesions. For the treatment, the surgical removal of cysts should be necessary. In addition, the adjuvant therapy with drug and intraoperative prophylaxis is also suggested. The misdiagnosis may have resulted from atypical clinical features and radiographic manifestations, as well as the accuracy of hydatid immunologic test.

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简介：病原的Wolbachia紧张wMelPop很快在果蝇melanogaster，引起的严重组织退化和主人的早熟的死亡的大脑，肌肉，和视网膜的在复制上。这endosymbiont的唯一的特征成为被用于人的疾病的昆虫，害虫，和向量的生物控制是一个优秀工具。在我们使用了的神经房间跟随细菌的形态学和titer的动力学3-d-old女性大脑的传播电子显微镜学。从苍蝇的中央大脑的神经原和glial房间有不同Wolbachiatiters从单个细菌到大累积，分开撕房间并且入侵细胞外的空间。大脑的neuropile区域没有wMelPop。Wolbachia紧与宿主细胞细胞器交往了并且在神经细胞经历了几个词法变化。在主人的体的织物以内把wMelPop动力学的一个计划基于我们第一次建议的描述的细菌的不同词法类型。

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简介：TheRho/Rho-associatedcoiled-coilcontainingproteinkinase(Rho/ROCK)pathwayisamajorsignalingpathwayinthecentralnervoussystem,transducinginhibitorysignalstoblockregeneration.Aftercentralnervoussystemdamage,themaincauseofimpairedregenerationisthepresenceoffactorsthatstronglyinhibitregenerationinthesurroundingmicroenvironment.ThesefactorssignalthroughtheRho/ROCKsignalingpathwaytoinhibitregeneration.Therefore,athoroughunderstandingoftheRho/ROCKsignalingpathwayiscrucialforadvancingstudiesonregenerationandrepairoftheinjuredcentralnervoussystem.

简介：AbstractImportance:LIM domain only 1 (LMO1) gene polymorphisms were previously found to be implicated in the risk of several cancers. No available studies were performed regarding the predisposing effect of LMO1 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on central nervous system (CNS) tumor risk.Objective:We aimed to determine whether the LMO1 gene SNPs were associated with the risk of CNS tumor by applying a case-control study with 191 cases and 248 controls in China.Methods:The contributions of LMO1 gene SNPs to the risk of CNS tumor was evaluated by multinomial logistic regression.Results:Based on the calculations of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), we failed to detect a significant relationship between each LMO1 gene SNP (rs110419 A>G, rs4758051 G>A, rs10840002 A>G, rs204938 A>G, and rs2168101 G>T) and CNS tumor risk, respectively. A negative association was also found in the combined effects on these five SNPs and CNS tumor risk. The stratification analysis further demonstrated the individuals with rs204938 AG/GG genotype confer to increased risk of CNS tumor compared with those with an AA genotype in males (OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.01-2.98, P = 0.046).Interpretation:We concluded that LMO1 gene SNPs may not strong enough to influence the risk of CNS tumor in Chinese children. More studies are required to verify this association.

简介：大脑是处于正常条件的一个immunologically给予优惠的地点，这长被知道了。尽管只要有neuronal损害或有势力免疫者刺激，有免疫力的回答的串联能发生，大脑怎么把glial房间放在一个静止状态，仍然是不清楚的。增加的努力被几作了实验室阐明有免疫力的回答的压抑怎么在neuronal环境被完成。抑制因素经由粘附分子或CD200受体包括neurotransmitters，神经激素，神经营养的因素，反煽动性的因素，和房间房间接触。因为上面列出的单个因素都不能充分说明有免疫力的抑制，这评论讨论这些因素怎么影响服的有免疫力的回答的串联。当几个因素贡献有免疫力的回答的抑制时，只要有neuronal损害，glial房间和他们支持inflammatory因素的生产的激活确实发生，建议一些neuronal部件便于有免疫力的回答。这评论也讨论信号哪个开始或扩充服的有免疫力的回答以便stimulatory信号制服镇压信号。证据的增加的线证明了在大脑的有免疫力的回答不对神经原总是有害。简单地在CNS变清离开煽动性的因素的尝试不能为在神经病学的混乱的神经原是适当的。在CNS的有免疫力的房间的适当控制可能对神经原或甚至neuroregeneration有益。因此，理解位于有免疫力的抑制下面的机制可以帮助我们在许多神经病学的混乱对发炎重塑药理学干预。