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简介：AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viruses spread unscrupulously virtually every corner on the planet in a very quick speed leading to an unprecedented world pandemic of COVID-19 claiming a great many of people’s life. Paramount importance has been given to the studies on the virus itself including genomic variation and viron structure, as well as cell entry pathway and tissue residence. Other than that, to learn the main characteristic of host immunity responding to SARS-CoV-2 infection is an eminent task for restraining virus and controlling disease progress. Beside antibody production in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, host cellular immunity plays an indispensable role in impeding virus replication and expansion at various stages of COVID-19 disease. In this review, we summarized the recent knowledge regarding the aberrant regulation and dysfunction of multiple immune cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. This includes the dysregulation of immune cell number, Th polarity, cytokine storm they implicated with, as well as cell function exhaustion after chronic virus stimulation. Notwithstanding that many obstacles remain to be overcome, studies on immunotherapy for COVID-19 treatment based on the known features of host immunity in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection offer us tangible benefits and hope for making this SARS-CoV-2 pandemic under control.

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简介：AbstractImportance:In this study, we retrospectively investigated the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies within serum samples from children in Beijing, China. These findings provide preliminary guidance regarding population susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, which will aid in establishing policy toward coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention and control.Objective:To understand the seropositivity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibodies among children in Beijing, China, evaluate the susceptibility of children in Beijing to SARS-CoV-2, and provide prima facie evidence to guide SARS-CoV-2 prevention and control.Methods:IgM/IgG antibody kits (colloidal gold) were used to conduct preliminary screening of SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibodies in serum samples of children who presented to Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, having fever or requiring hospitalization, from March 2020 to August 2020. Statistical analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seropositivity was performed according to the children’s general demographic characteristics, timing of admission to hospital, presence of pneumonia, and viral nucleic acid test results.Results:The study included 19 797 children with both IgM and IgG antibody results. Twenty-four children had anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM-positive results (positive rate of 1.2‰), twelve children had anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG-positive results (positive rate of 0.6‰). Viral nucleic acid test results were negative for the above-mentioned children with positive antibody findings; during the study, two children exhibited positive viral nucleic acid test results, but their anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibody results were negative. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody seropositivity was higher in the <1-year-old group than in the ≥6-year-old group. The rates of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM seropositivity was highest in August from March to August; IgG results did not significantly differ over time. The rates of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM or IgG seropositivity among children with and without suspected pneumonia did not significantly differ between groups.Interpretation:During the study period, the rates of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibody seropositivity were low among children who presented to Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University. The findings suggest that children in Beijing are generally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection; COVID-19 prevention and control measures should be strengthened to prevent disease in children.

简介：摘要严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)属于β冠状病毒，其通过表面刺突蛋白(spike protein, S蛋白)以血管紧张素转换酶2(angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2)作为受体介导膜融合入侵宿主细胞。感染过程中造成的功能性ACE2水平下降通过影响肾素血管紧张素系统(renin-angiotensin system, RAS)的平衡造成肺部损伤。感染SARS-CoV-2的部分重症感染患者中，机体先天和适应性免疫机制的失衡而形成的细胞因子风暴，可导致急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)及全身多器官功能脏器衰竭。适应性免疫的失衡所致淋巴细胞总数的降低，并与不良预后相关。

简介：【摘要】目前针对新冠病毒的特效药的研发策略主要有三种：抗体研发，感染阻断，以及从天然药材中提取有效物质。本文讨论了通过阻断以达到阻止病毒入侵的药物研发策略。与 SARS-CoV相似， SARS-CoV-2使用人体酶 ACE2作为入侵的结合位点并且需要蛋白酶 TMPRSS2的辅助进行膜融合。因此，针对这一特点可有两种阻断策略：抑制宿主蛋白或阻止受体结合。而阻止受体结合的过程中可有三个目标：受体结合域，突刺蛋白，以及 ACE2。

简介：摘要： 2019年末我国爆发了新冠肺炎疫情，对我国各方面造成了严重影响。本文结合 2003年爆发的 SARS疫情，对二者的防控措施、特征及防控情况进行分析比较，旨在深入了解传染病的防控要点，为今后开展大型传染病的科学防控工作提供借鉴。

简介：摘要越来越多的证据表明，严重急性呼吸系统综合征2型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）对人体损害不局限于呼吸道，还可侵入中枢神经系统，诱发神经系统疾病。SARS-CoV-2病毒作为一种新兴的病毒，可能会对神经系统产生短期及长期影响。加之，目前SARS-CoV-2的临床治疗仅限于对症支持治疗以及使用多种抗RNA病毒药物（如法匹拉韦、羟氯喹），尽管专门针对SARS-CoV-2的疫苗和治疗性抗体在测试中，但这种解决方案具有长期性，需要对其安全性进行彻底测试。因此，了解SARS-CoV-2潜在的神经侵袭机制就显得尤为重要，对其防治工作具有重要的指导意义。本文就SARS-CoV-2的病原学、神经侵袭的可能机制以及与神经系统疾病的关系作一综述，旨在为SARS-CoV-2的有效防控治疗提供依据和参考。

简介：摘要:严重急性呼吸系统综合征(SARS)的流行表明，人畜共患病向人类和动物冠状病毒(COV)的传播对公众健康构成严重威胁，因此有必要制定防治对策。由于缺乏对SARS-CoV-2引起的COVID-19的有效治疗，为了开发更有效的抑制剂，我们发现非共价片段X1249的设计提供了进一步的有益信息。

简介：摘要目前对于新型冠状病毒肺炎（简称：新冠肺炎）的病程机制和治疗方法的选择等方面仍有许多未知之处。由于2019-nCoV和SARS-CoV之间的高度相似性，从严重急性呼吸综合征（severe acute respiratory syndrome，SARS）中获得的一些知识经验，尤其是患者肺部病毒复制和免疫应答的时间规律和病程的演变特征，或许能对我们深入了解和应对新冠肺炎提供重要的借鉴。

简介：AbstractBackground:Since its discovery in December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 2 180 000 people worldwide and has caused more than 150 000 deaths as of April 16, 2020. SARS-CoV-2, which is the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a cell receptor to invade human cells. Thus, ACE2 is the key to understanding the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study is to investigate the ACE2 expression in various human tissues in order to provide insights into the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Methods:We compared ACE2 expression levels across 31 normal human tissues between males and females and between younger (ages ≤ 49 years) and older (ages > 49 years) persons using two-sided Student's t test. We also investigated the correlations between ACE2 expression and immune signatures in various tissues using Pearson's correlation test.Results:ACE2 expression levels were the highest in the small intestine, testis, kidneys, heart, thyroid, and adipose tissue, and were the lowest in the blood, spleen, bone marrow, brain, blood vessels, and muscle. ACE2 showed medium expression levels in the lungs, colon, liver, bladder, and adrenal gland. ACE2 was not differentially expressed between males and females or between younger and older persons in any tissue. In the skin, digestive system, brain, and blood vessels, ACE2 expression levels were positively associated with immune signatures in both males and females. In the thyroid and lungs, ACE2 expression levels were positively and negatively associated with immune signatures in males and females, respectively, and in the lungs they had a positive and a negative correlation in the older and younger groups, respectively.Conclusions:Our data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 may infect other tissues aside from the lungs and infect persons with different sexes, ages, and races equally. The different host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection may partially explain why males and females, young and old persons infected with this virus have markedly distinct disease severity. This study provides new insights into the role of ACE2 in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

简介：摘要病理学是认识疾病、研究疾病的基础学科之一，目前对于突发的新型冠状病毒感染的病理学证据尚不多，作为SARS疫情的亲历者，回顾总结SARS的形态学改变，也许对我们认识新冠病毒感染有所帮助。

简介：摘要Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious infection disease, which may cause respiratory, physical, psychological, and generalized systemic dysfunction. The severity of disease ranges from an asymptomatic infection or mild illness to mild or severe pneumonia with respiratory failure and/or death. COVID-19 dramatically affects the pulmonary system. There is a lack of knowledge about the long-term outcomes of the disease and the possible sequelae and rehabilitation. This clinical practice guideline includes pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) recommendations for adult COVID-19 patients and has been developed in the light of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 provided by the World Health Organization and Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Health, recently published scientific literature, and PR recommendations for COVID-19 regarding basic principles of PR. In this guideline, the contagiousness of COVID-19, recommendations on limited contact of patient with healthcare providers, and the evidence about possible benefits of PR were taken into consideration.

简介：AbstractBackground:Practitioners and researchers in the midst of overwhelming coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks are calling for new ways of looking at such pandemics, with an emphasis on human behavior and holistic considerations. Viral outbreaks are characterized by socio-behaviorally-oriented public health efforts aimed at reducing exposure and prevention of morbidity/mortality once infected. These efforts involve different points-of-view, generally, than do those aimed to understand the virus' natural history. Rampant spread of SARS-CoV-2infection in cities clearly signals that urban areas contain conditions favorable for rapid transmission of the virus.Main text:The Critical Medical Ecology model is a multidimensional, multilevel way of viewing pandemics comprehensively, rooted simultaneously in microbiology and in anthropology, with shared priority for evolution, context, stressors, homeostasis, adaptation, and power relationships. Viewing COVID-19 with a Critical Medical Ecological lens suggests three important interpretations: 1) COVID-19 is equally — if not more — a socially-driven disease as much as a biomedical disease, 2) the present interventions available for primary prevention of transmission are social and behavioral interventions, and 3) wide variation in COVID-19 hospitalization/death rates is not expected to significantly be attributable to a more virulent and rapidly-evolving virus, but rather to differences in social and behavioral factors — and power dynamics — rather than (solely) biological and clinical factors. Cities especially are challenged due to logistics and volume of patients, and lack of access to sustaining products and services for many residents living in isolation.Conclusions:In the end, SARS-CoV-2 is acting upon dynamic social human beings, entangled within structures and relationships that include but extend far beyond their cells, and in fact beyond their own individual behavior. As a comprehensive way of thinking, the Critical Medical Ecology model helps identify these elements and dynamics in the context of ecological processes that create, shape, and sustain people in their multidimensional, intersecting environments.

简介：摘要研发安全有效的疫苗是预防、控制COVID-19流行的当务之急。本文综述严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)疫苗研究的进展和存在的问题，为同属β冠状病毒属的新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)疫苗研究提供借鉴。

简介：摘要严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2，SARS-CoV-2)感染流行，但因目前新生儿病例报道较少，证据资料欠完善，对新生儿SARS-CoV-2感染的途径、临床特征、治疗及预后甚至诊断标准等认识尚不清楚和统一，故围产界应积极对围产儿SARS-CoV-2感染进行系统全面研究，因为这些临床资料、统计数据和研究结果将对于此次乃至今后冠状病毒感染在这些最脆弱特殊人群防治具有十分重要的意义。为此，中国医师协会新生儿科医师分会循证学组、中华医学会围产医学分会重症学组联合组织专家组研制本建议，供围产学界同行拟定该方面具体项目计划参考。

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简介：AbstractAs of March 12th Italy has the largest number of SARS-CoV-2 cases in Europe as well as outside China. The infections, first limited in Northern Italy, have eventually spread to all other regions. When controlling an emerging outbreak of an infectious disease it is essential to know the key epidemiological parameters, such as the basic reproduction number R0, i.e. the average number of secondary infections caused by one infected individual during his/her entire infectious period at the start of an outbreak. Previous work has been limited to the assessment of R0 analyzing data from the Wuhan region or Mainland China. In the present study the R0 value for SARS-CoV-2 was assessed analyzing data derived from the early phase of the outbreak in Italy. In particular, the spread of SARS-CoV-2 was analyzed in 9 cities (those with the largest number of infections) fitting the well-established SIR-model to available data in the interval between February 25–March 12, 2020. The findings of this study suggest that R0 values associated with the Italian outbreak may range from 2.43 to 3.10, confirming previous evidence in the literature reporting similar R0 values for SARS-CoV-2.

简介：摘要2019年底由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的肺炎已构成全球公共卫生的重大威胁，我国政府采取高强度的防控措施使疫情得到有效控制，但世界疫情仍处于大爆发期，我国目前正面临病例输入性的威胁。实验室检查(以核酸检测为主)是新型冠状病毒感染病例筛查、早期诊断和疗效评价的重要手段之一。然而，实验室生物安全防护是检验检查者安全防护的重要防线，疫情期间，我院检验科实施了一系列防护措施，最大程度的规范了检验检查和防控流程，有效降低了检验科医务人员院内感染的风险。

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