简介：Solitarywavesinrelativisticelectromagneticplasmasareobtainednumerically.Thelongitudinalmomentumofelectronshasbeentakenintoaccountintheproblem.Itisfoundthatinthemovingframewithelectromagneticfieldpropagatingthesolitarywavescanexistinbothcases,wherethevectorpotentialfrequencyislargerorsmallerthantheplasmacharacteristicfrequency.

简介：Asystematicprocedureisproposedforobtainingsolutionsforsoli-tarywavesinstratifiedfluids.Thestratificationofthefluidisassumedtobeexpo-nentialorlinear.Itscomparisonwithexistingresultsforanexponentiallystratifiedfluidshowsagreement,anditisfoundthatfortheoddseriesofsolutionsthedirec-tionofdisplacementofthestreamlinesfromtheirasymptoticlevelsisreversedwhenthestratificationischangedfromexponentialtolinear.Finallytheinteractionofsolitarywavesisconsidered,andtheKorteweg-deVriesequationandtheBoussinesqequationarederived.Thustheknownsolutionsoftheseequationscanberehedupontoprovidetheanswerstotheinteractionproblem.

简介：TheKdVequationwithtopographyincludedinanN-levelmodelisderived.Itisshownthatifthetopographyex-ists.theKdVequationmaydescribethesolitaryRossbywavesinthecaseofbasiccurrentwithoutverticalshear,anditisnonecessarytointroducetheMKdVequation.Theresultsofcalculationsshowthatthechangeofhorizontalshearpatternofbasicflowmaycauseanimportantchangeofthestreamlinepatternofthesolitarywaveswiththeoddmeridionalwavenumberm,andhasnoeffectfortheevenmeridionalwavenumberm.Theverticalshearincreasesthesteepnessofthebarotropicsolitarymodes,andithasacomplicatedeffectonthebaroclinicmodes.Theinfluencesoftopographicslopeonthesolitarywavesareverygreat.Thesouthernandnorthernslopesoftopographymaycausedif-ferentsolitarywavepatterns,withtheeffectofnorthernslopegreater.TheeffectofFroudenumberonthesolitarywavesisgenerallytosteepenthesolitarywaves,however,theeffectalsodependsonthemeridionalwavenumbermandthemodesofsolitarywave.

简介：ThelevelicethicknessandcompressivestrengthatthefourmeasuringstationsintheLiaodongBayareinferredaccordingtothehydrologicandmeteorologicdatathere,thentheyearlyextremeiceforcesonasolitarypilearecalculatedbytheuseofappropriateformulaoficeforcesanditsprobabilisticdistributionisdetermined.Generally,theyearlyextremeiceforcefollowsWeibulldistributionbestascomparedwithNormal,Lognormal,andExtremeValueIdistribution.Ontheotherhand,theshort-termdistributionoficeforcesonasolitarypileisobtainedfromthemodelexperimentdataanalysis:ItdoesnotrefuseExtremeValueIdistribution.

简介：Throughamappingrelationbetweenthetriplesine-GordonandФ5model,wediscusstheequationindetail.Aseriesofsolitarywavesolutionsforthetriplesine-GordonequationisobtainedbytheexistingonesoftheФ5model.Somedetailedsolitarywavesolutionsaregivenforsomespecialcoefficientswhichhavesignificanceinphysics.

简介：-Accordingtobasicequationsoffluidmechanics,thispaperpresentsaunifiedvariationalprincipleoffluidmechanics(UVPFM)byusingtheoptimizationmethodofweightedresiduals(OMWR).Theadvantagesareasfollows,theestablishmentofthefunctionalandthevariationalprincipleiseasy,itcanchangevariousproblemsoffluidmechanicsderivedbybasicequationsintoaunifiedoptimizationproblem,andthesolutionistheoptimumoneinsomesense.AccordingtotheOMWRforthesolitarysubdomain,thispaperusesUVPFMontoanysolitarysubdomainandgivesthesolutionofthehydrodynamicsequationwhichissuitableonlyforthatsolitarysubdomain.AccordingtotheOMWRforsolitarypoint,thispaperusesUVPFMtoanysolitarypointandgivesthesolutionofthehydrodynamicsequation(pointsolution)whichissuitableonlyforthatsolitarypoint.Asthesolutionforthesolitarysubdomainorsolitarypointisdevelopedindependently,thecompatibilitywithothersubdomainorotherpoints,do

简介：AgeneralsolutionoftheBoussinesqequationispresentedwhichsolvestheproblemofinteractionofanynumberofright-goingandleft-goingsolitarywaves.Thesolutionreliesontheexactsolu-tionofGardner,Greene,Kruskal,andMiura(1967),andhasthesamedegreeofaccuracyasthatsolution,buthasawiderscopeofapplication.Itismuchsimplerthan,butasaccurateas,Hirota’sexactsolu-tion(1973)oftheBoussinesqequation,towhichthepresentsolutioniscomparedforthesimplestcaseoftwosolitarywavesinhead-oncollision.

简介：Theproblemsofasolitarywavepassingoverrectangularcylindershavebeenanalysed.Thenumericalsimulationisbasedonthefullnonlineartwo-dimensionalNavier-Stokesequationswhicharesolvedbythefinitedifferencemethod.ThefreesurfaceisdealtwithbytheVolumeofFluidmethod(VOF).ResultsforasolitarywavepassingoverasinglecylinderarecomparedwiththeexperimentaldataofSeabra-Santos,PenouardandTempervilleandbetteragreementisobtainedthanthoseobtainedfromthelongwaveequationbasedonthepotentialflowtheory.Resultsarealsogivenfortwocylinderswithdifferentgaps.

简介：Byusignthepotentialmethodtoafluidfilledelastictube,weobtainedasolitarywavesolution.Comparedwithrecluetiveperturbationmethod,thismethodcanbeusedforlargeramplitudesolitarywaves.Theresultisinagreementwiththatofsmallamplitudeapproximationfromreduetiveperturbationmethodwhentheamplitudeissmallenough.

简介：AninhomogeneousKdVequationincludingtopographicforcingisderivedbyusingperturbationexpansionsandstretchingtransformsoftimeandspace.ThegenerationofforcedsolitaryRossbywavesbytopographyinanear-resonantflowandtheirinteractionswithfreesolitarywavesarediscussed,andsomeinterestingresultsareobtained.Thenumericalresultsshowthatthetopographyhasobviouseffectonenhancingtheamplitudeofdisturbances,anditmayexplaintosomedegreetheformationofblockingbylocalizedtopography.

简介：

简介：Byusingthematchedasymptoticexpansionmethodandtheideaofedgelayer,amathematicmodelfordescribingtheinteractionbetweenweaklynonlinearshallow-waterwavesandthree-dimensionalfloatingbodiesisformedinthepaper.Asanumericalexample,thediffractionofasolitarywavearoundaverticallyfloatingcir-cularcylinderhasbeeninvestigatedandtheresultsarepresented.Thepresentmethodcanfurtherbeextendedtothestudyofwavediffractionaroundfloatingbodiesofgeneralshape.

简介：cubic-quintic非线性的Schrodinger方程(CQNLS)在光纤维和原子水动力学起重要作用。由为cubic-quintic使用同类的平衡原则，钟类型，纽结类型，代数学的独居的波浪，和三角法的旅行波浪，有可变系数(vCQNLS)的非线性的Schrodinger方程在一套辅助高顺序的平常的微分方程的帮助下被导出(亚方程为短)。在这篇论文使用的方法可能帮助一个为otherhigh顺序导出准确答案非线性的进化方程，和表演同类的平衡原则的新申请。

简介：ByemployingthereductiveperturbationtechniquewederivedaKadomtsev-Petviashviliequationforunmagnetizeddustyplasmas.Itsuggeststhatthenonlineardustacousticsolitarywaveswithadiabaticvariationofdustchargearestableeventherearesomehigherordertransverseperturbatoins.Thereareonlyrarefactivesolitarywavesforthissystemwhichhasbeenverifiedanalyticallyinthispaper.

简介：Aunifiedperturbationtheoryisdevelopedhereforcalculatingsolitarywavesofallheightsbyseriesexpansionofbaseflowvariablesinpowersofasmallbaseparametertoeighteenthorderfortheone-parameterfamilyofsolutionsinexactform,withallthecoefficientsdeterminedinrationalnumbers.Comparativestudiesarepursuedtoinvestigatetheeffectsduetochangesofbaseparameterson(i)theaccuracyofthetheoreticallypredictedwavepropertiesand(ii)therateofconvergenceofperturbationexpansion.Twoimportantresultsarefoundbycomparisonsbetweenthetheoreticalpredictionsbasedonasetofparametersseparatelyadoptedforexpansioninturn.First,theaccuracyandtheconvergenceoftheperturbationexpansions,appraisedversustheexactsolutionprovidedbyanearlierpaper[1]asthestandardreference,arefoundtodepend,quitesensitively,onchangesinbaseparameter.Theresultingvariationsinthesolutionarephysicallydisplayedinvariouswavepropertieswithdifferencesfounddependentonwhichproperty(e.g.thewaveamplitude,speed,itsprofile,excessmass,momentum,andenergy),onwhatrangeinvalueofthebase,andontherankoftheordernintheexpansionbeingaddressed.Secondly,regardingconvergence,thepresentperturbationseriesisfounddefinitelyasymptoticinnature,withtherelativeerrorδ(n)(therelativemean-squaredifferencebetweensuccessiveordersnofwaveelevations)reachingaminimum,δm,ataspecificorder,n=nm,bothdependingonthebaseadopted,e.g.n=11-12basedonparameterα(waveamplitude),nm,β=15onβ(amplitude-speedsquareratio),andnm.∈=17on∈(wavenumbersquared).Theasymptoticrangeisbroughttocompletionbythehighestorderofn=18reachedinthiswork.

简介：导致胆量的相思树牧草虫的许多种类被kleptoparasiticthrips攻击进入胆量，破坏占有人，然后使用胆量生产他们的自己的后代。这里测试的假设是压力由kleptoparasites(genusKoptothrips)施加了不仅在导致胆量的clade挑起了士兵的进化，而且也影响了胆量尺寸和形态学的进化。入侵的胆量的各种各样的尺寸尺寸与用从六导致胆量的种和theirkleptoparasites的数据的uninvaded胆量的那些相比。为非社会的导致胆量的种类(K。ellobus和K。nicholsoni)入侵的胆量没从没被入侵的胆量显示出重要尺寸差别。为四个聚会导致胆量“种类(K。habrus，K。intermedius，K。waterhousei和K。莫利斯舞i)入侵的胆量比uninvaded胆量显著地更狭窄或短。没被入侵并且包含成年士兵的社会种类的胆量比士兵们在一个幼虫的阶段仍然的胆量显著地大，建议那种胆量尺寸与在这些的胆量年龄有关种类。一个假设被建议那连接由kleptoparasites预定侵略到主人胆量的尺寸：由主人创始人的更小的胆量的正式就职将减少对侵略的弱点的经期(在士兵们成为成年人以前)很快相对为由允许在这些更小的胆量的女创立者开始的社会牧草虫生注定士兵的卵。

简介：Inthispaper,basedontheequationspresentedin[2],thehead-oncollisionbetweentwosolitarywavesdescribedbythemodifiedKdVequation(themKdVequation,forshort)isinvestigatedbyusingthereductiveperturbationmethodcombinedwiththePLKmethod.Thesewavespropagateattheinterfaceofatwo-fluidsystem,inwhichthedensityratioofthetwofluidsequalsthesquareofthedepthratioofthefluids.Thesecondorderperturbationsolutionisobtained.Itisfoundthatinthecaseofdisregardingthenonuniformphaseshift,thesolitarywavespreservetheiroriginalprofilesaftercollision,whichagreeswithFornbergandWhitham’snumericalresultofovertakingcollision161whereasafterconsideringthenonuniformphaseshift,thewaveprofilesmaydeformaftercollision.

简介：

简介：Takingthe(2+1)-dimensionalBroer-Kaup-Kupershmidtsystemasasimpleexample,somefamiliesofrationalformsolitarywavesolutions,triangularperiodicwavesolutions,andrationalwavesolutionsareconstructedbyusingtheRiccatiequationrationalexpansionmethodpresentedbyus.Themethodcanalsobeappliedtosolvemorenonlinearpartialdifferentialequationorequations.

简介：我们估计了避免在parasitoidEchthrodelphaxfairchildii珀金斯的在三倍的寄生状态下面的在第三攻击的杀婴儿的探查的适应海角，由比较从有或没有探查的第三攻击的健康回来。Fitnessreturns以幸存率被估计，意味着发展时间，并且意味着子孙的成年的头宽度。不探查在有1/24and24/24小时的产卵离子间隔的三倍的寄生状态下面是不适应的(在在斜杠前后的数字指first-to-secondandsecond-to-third的地方产卵离子间隔，分别地)，尽管没有重要差别为24/1小时的产卵离子间隔在健康回来被检测。我们建议探查的费用(特别在未来的机会的减少产卵离子)是为探查的看起来不适应的缺席的一个原因。