简介：Anewformofdamagetheoryofmaterialsisproposed,thatisvalidforthecaseofnonconservativestresses.Thepartialentropy,strainandmicrostructureparametersaretakenasthestatevariables.Withoutassumingthefreeenergytobeastatefunction,thebasicgoverningequationsarederived.Accordingtothebalanceofreleasedanddissipatedenergy,thegeneralformofdamageevolutionequationisobtained.Further,assumingtheexistenceofindependentdamagemechanisms,thenormalityofdamageevolutionequationisproven.Thegeneralizeddamagevariablesaredis-cussed.Finally,someexamplesaregiventoshowtheapplicationsofthetheory.

简介：ThereisuptonownoconstitutivemodelinthecurrenttheoriesofCDMthatcouldgiveadescriptionforthedegradationofagingconcrete.Thetwointernalstatevariablesβandωareintroducedinthispaper.βiscalledcohesionvariableasanadditionalkinematicparameter,reflectingthecohesionstateamongmaterialparticles.ωiscalleddamagefactorformicro-defectssuchasvoids.ThenadamagemodelandaseriesofconstitutiveequationsaredevelopedonContinuumMechanics.Themodelproposedcouldgiveavaliddescriptionforthewhole-course-degradationofagingconcreteduetochemicalandmechanicalactions.Finally,thevalidityofthemodelisevaluatedbyanexampleandexperimentalresults.

简介：Apracticalmethodforvisualizingfloodareaandevaluatingdamageispresented,whichconsistsoftwotechnicalapproaches:self-programmingandadaptingcommercialGISplatforms.Thelow-costandeasy-to-useGIS-Basedmodeldevelopedbyself-programmingcanmeetcurrentrequirementsofmostlocalauthorities,especiallyindevelopingcountries.Inthismodel,twocases,non-sourcefloodandsourceflood,aredistinguishedandtheSeed-spreadalgorithmsuitableforsource-floodisdiscussed;Theflooddamageisassessedbyoverlayingthefloodarearangewiththematicmapsandotherrelatedsocialandeconomicdata.andallthematicmapsareconvertedtorasterformatbeforeoverlayanalysis.Twomeasuresaretakentoimprovetheoperationefficiencyofspeedseed-spreadalgorithm.TheaccuracyofthemodelmainlydependsontheresolutionandprecisionoftheDEMdata,andtheaccuracyofregisteringallrasterlayersandthequalityofattributedata.

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简介：Anewmethodisputforwardforstructuraldamageidentificationbasedonthehomotopycontinuationalgorithm.Anumericalexampleispresentedtoverifythemethod.Thebeamswithdifferentdamagelocationsanddifferentdamageextentsareidentifiedbythismethod.Thenumericalexampleshaveprovedthatthisnewmethodiscapableofeasyconvergence,whichisnotsensitivetotheinitialiterativevalues.Itiseffectiveforaccuratelyidentifyingmultipledamages.Byincorporatingthefiniteelementmethodintothehomotopycontinuationalgorithm,thedamageidentifyingabilityofthenewmethodcanbegreatlyenhanced.

简介：Mechanicalandelectricaldamagesareintroducedtostudythefracturemechanicsofpiezoelectricceramicsinthispaper.Twokindsofpiezoelectricfracturecriteriaareestablishedusingthemethodofleastsquarescombinedwithadamageanalysisofthewell-knownpiezoelectricfractureexperimentsofParkandSun's.Oneisbasedonalinearcombinationofthemechanicalandelectricaldamagesandtheotherontheirnonlinearcombination.WhenthecombineddamageDisuptoitscriticalvalueDc,piezoelectricfractureoccurs.Itisfoundfromthequalitativecomparisonofthenumericalresultswiththeexperimentaldatathatthenonlinearlycombineddamagefracturecriterioncangiveabetterpredictionofpiezoelectricfracture.Anditisconcludedfromthenonlinearlycombineddamagefracturecriterionthatanegativeelectricfieldimpedesfracturewhereastheeffectofapositiveelectricfieldonfracturedependsonitsmagnitude.

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简介：Thesourcesofmarineoilspillsaremainlyfromaccidentsofmarineoiltankersorfreighters,marineoil-drillingplatforms,marineoilpipelines,marineoilfields,terrestrialpollution,oil-bearingatmosphere,andoffshoreoilproductionequipment.Itisconcludeduponanalysisthattherearetwomainreasonsformarineoilspills:(I)Themotiveforhugeeconomicbenefitsofoilindustryownersandoilshippingagentsfarsurpassestheirsenseofecologicalrisks.(II)Marineecologicalsafetyhasnotbecomethemainconcernofnationalsecurity.Oilspillsaredisastersbecausehumanssparenoeffortstogeteconomicbenefitsfromoil.Thepresentpaperdrawsanotherconclusionthatmarineecologicaldamagecausedbyoilspillscanberoughlydividedintotwocategories:damagetomarineresourcevalue(directvalue)anddamagetomarineecosystemservicevalue(indirectvalue).Marineoilspillscausedamagetomarinebiological,fishery,seawater,tourismandmineralresourcestovariousextents,whichcontributestothelowerqualityandvalueofmarineresources.

简介：Amechanismofplasticflowlocalizationinductilematternearmi-crovoidsisstudied.Thevoidswiththesize-scaleofmicromillimeterexistinsheetspecimensundertensileloading,andtheplasticstrainfieldaroundvoidsisobtainedbydigitalimageprocessingofdeformedgrids.Thesizegrowthofthemicrovoids,thespacingchangeoftheneighboringvoids,andthedevelopmentofshearbandsintheligamentbetweenthevoids,arepresentedbyexperimentalresultsaccompaniedwiththeplasticstraindistribution,thatgivesgoodinterpretationtotheprocessofvoidgrowthandcoalescencewiththeflowlocalizationintheligaments.

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简介：Abstract,Asystemreceivesshocksatsuccessiverandompointsofdiscretefime,

简介：这五个单词都有“损害”、“伤害”的意思,但用法上又不尽相同。一、hurt普通用语,口语中常见。主要指有生命的东西的“受伤”。既可指肉体上的伤害,也可指精神上、感情上的伤害。如;1.Thedriverhurthimselfbadlyintheaccident.那位司机在这次事故中伤得很重。2.Shehurtherlegwhenshefell.她跌倒时,一只腿受了伤。3.Hefelthurtatyourwords.你的话使他很难过。注意:指肉体上的伤害时,hurt可与badly,slightly,seriously等连用;但若指精神上的创伤,只能说:verymuch/rather/deeplyhurt。

简介：在硅晶片的表面下的损坏的深度和自然将限制IC部件的表演。晶片由磨车轮的#325，#600，和#2000扎根了的硅的损坏微观结构被分析。结果证明许多微裂缝，破裂，和脱臼插座出现在表面并且由磨擦的#325的晶片地面表面下车轮。没有明显的微观结构变化存在。有大约100nm，微裂缝，高密度脱臼，和多晶的硅的厚度的非结晶的层被观察在由磨擦的#600的晶片地面表面下车轮。为由#2000grinding车轮，大约30nm厚度的非结晶的层，多晶的硅层，一些脱臼，和一块橡皮的晶片地面变丑层存在。与在砂砾尺寸的减少，一般来说，材料移动模式逐渐地从微破裂的模式改变到可锻的模式。

简介：Theobjectiveofthispaperistoprovideananalyticalbasisforthequantitativeevaluationofdamagetoareinforcedconcretestructurebasedonthevibrationdataobtainedbyusingthedamagedetectiontechnique.Apartialreinforcedconcretesystemofaweakbeam/strongcolumnmomentframeischosenasanexample.Apushoveranalysisiscarriedoutinordertonumericallyexamineboththestoryshear-relativedisplacementcharacteristicsandtheassociateddamagelevel.Intheanalysis,atwodimensionalnonlinearfiniteelementanalysisisemployedconsideringseveralconstitutivemodels.Asaresult,thedegradationofthestiffnessatthedamagedstoryischaracterizedinassociationwiththestoryrelativedisplacement.Itisalsopointedoutthattherotationangleofthecolumn-baseishighlycorrelatedwiththestoryrelativedisplacement.Basedontheanalyticalfindings,quantitativeapproachesforastructuralhealthmonitoringsystemaresuggestedconsideringboththecurrentsensortechnologiesandthoseavailableinthefuture.

简介：Objective:toobserveeffectofendothelin-1(ET-1)onhepaticdamageinducedbyendotoxin.Methods:atotalof90ratswererandomlydividedintocontrolgroup(groupc),endotoxintreatedgroup(groupLPS)andendotoxinplusET-1antibodytreatedgroup(groupLEA).AnobservationwasdoneonthechangesofET-1concentration,andtranscriptionandexpressionofET-1mRNA.Plasmaglutamicpyruvictransaminaseenzyme(GPT),hepaticlactatedehydrogenase(LDH),adenosinetriphosphate(ATP)andmalondialdehyde(MDA)werealsoobservedat3,6,9,12,24hoursaftersaline,endotoxin(10mg·kg^-1)andET-1antibody(dalubine1:2000,2ml·kg^-1)administration.Results:TheresultsindicatedthattheconcentrationofplasmaandhepaticET-1andexpressionofET-1mRNAinliversignificantlyincreasedfollowingendotoxemia.ThehepaticET-1levelswereinverselycorrelatedwiththeATPconcentration,andpositivelyrelatedtotheMDAconcentration.ET-1antibodycouldpartiallyprotecttheliveragainstdamageinducedbyendotoxin.Conclusions:Theseresultssuggestthatendotoxinmay,ontranscriptionandtranslationlevel,leadtoanincreaseofET-1insynthesis.ET-1maycontributetohepaticdamageduringendotoxemia.

简介：Fromseveralmodelsaboutdamagemechanis,thedamagemecanismofopticalfilmsandthefactorswhichaffectthedamagethresholdaredescribedexperi-mentallyandtheoretically.Somereasonableproposalsaregivenisthispaperonhowtoselectthehigh-thresholdfimls.

简介：Asoneofthemostimportanturbanlifelinesystems,awaterdistributionsystemcanbedamagedunderastrongearthquake,andthedamagecannoteasilybelocated,especiallyimmediatelyaftertheevent.Thisoftencausestremendousdifficultiestopost-earthquakeemergencyresponseandrecoveryactivities.Thispaperproposesamethodologytolocateseismicdamagetoawaterdistributionsystembymonitoringwatcrheadonlineatsomenodesinthewaterdistributionsystem.Anartificialneuralnetwork-basedinverseanalysismethodisdevelopedtoestimatethewaterheadvariationsatallnodesthatarenotmonitoredbasedonthewaterheadvariationsatthenodesthataremonitored.Themethodologyprovidesaquick,effective,andpracticalwaytolocateseismicdamagetoawaterdistributionsystem.

简介：这篇论文论述一个新算法由改变形式的参数在结构预言损坏的地点和严厉。损坏察觉的一个存在算法被考察，新算法被提出改进损坏由在存在算法消除乖僻的假设和限制定位和严厉评价的精确性。当适用于为哪个预先损坏的two-dimensionalframe结构时，损坏预言精确性数字地为每个算法被估计，损坏以后的形式的参数为仅仅颤动的一些模式是可得到的。当时，分析结果说明新算法的改进精确性与存在算法相比。

简介：Withtheextensivelywideapplicationofadvancedhighstrengthsteels(AHSS)invariousfieldsfortheexcellentmechanicalproperties,theindustrialinterestonthedamageofAHSSisincreasingintherecentyears.Forthesemodernsteels,duetothecomplexmicrostructureandtherelevantdeformationmechanisms,thedamageconceptneedstobereexamined.Inthispaper,thedefinition,lengthscaleanddifferentmechanismsofdamageareintroduced.Bothexperimentalevaluationofdamageandthenumericaldamagemodelsarebrieflyviewedandcompared.Theapproachestoimprovethedamagetolerancearegivenintheframeworkofdamagetolerancedesignprinciple.

简介：WeanalysefurtherthereliabilitybehaviourofseriesandparallelsystemsinthesuccessivedamagemodelinitiatedbyDownton.Theresultsarecomparedwiththoseobtainedforothermodelswithdifferentbivariatedistributions.