简介：AbstractLymph node metastasis is common in differentiated thyroid cancer especially papillary thyroid cancer. Presence of lymph node metastasis does not have an impact on survival in younger patients. Therapeutic central and lateral neck dissection in the presence of clinically or radiologically evident lymph nodes has resulted in good overall survival. However, disease persistence in the lymph node/early recurrences may be seen in patients owing to lymph nodes that may be missed during the initial neck dissection. These observed locations are retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal nodal location, retro carotid location, sublingual, axillary, and intraparotid locations, supraclavicular and superficial to the sternothyroid muscle. We aim to highlight these locations with the goal to minimize persistence or early recurrence of disease at these locations.

简介：在真实世界上，收入最大化行为可以在各种各样的市场占优势。理解这现象，我们与二垂直地综合的隧道开发一个二人口的模型。每条隧道由一个制造商组成；许多(一个足够地大的数字)以采用纯出售在不同市场卖产品的零售商客观策略：利润最大化；收入最大化。我们在数量背景市场由两家卖主垄断的局面学习出售客观行为；价格背景市场由两家卖主垄断的局面状况分别地从一个间接进化观点。处于数量背景市场由两家卖主垄断的局面状况，我们发现平衡是否是evolutionarily稳定的策略，取决于战略相互作用(代用品或补充)的类型，相对单位费用，市场规模，等等。我们与连续偏爱扩大它到盒子。我们主张收入最大化可以是evolutionarily稳定的策略；利润最大化策略可能是不稳定的。在合适的条件下面，收入最大化行为能与利润最大化行为共存。处于有线性需求功能的价格背景市场由两家卖主垄断的局面状况，我们发现利润最大化总是是evolutionarily稳定的策略；收入最大化行为将逐渐地变得绝灭。扩大模型有类似的结果但是零售商可以损害二纯策略。

简介：AbstractBackground:The standard treatment for pediatric differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) still requires consideration because of a lack of clinical evidence. The purpose of this study was to summarize the clinical experiences and explore the risk factors for post-operative recurrence through a retrospective analysis to develop better clinical strategies for pediatric DTC.Methods:This study retrospectively analyzed children and adolescents with DTC who were treated between January 1999 and December 2014 at the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Clinicopathological results and outcomes were collected. A log-rank test of Kaplan-Meier curves and the Cox regression model were used to determine the factors associated with recurrence.Results:Data of 150 patients were collected in this study. During the follow-up, there was only one disease-related death. The recurrence rates at 3, 5, and 10 years were 13.6%, 18.7%, and 28.6%, respectively. There was a significant difference in the rate of recurrence according to age (P < 0.001), extrathyroidal extension (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.023), and invasion of the trachea and esophageal wall (P = 0.004). Cox regression analysis demonstrated that age (P = 0.006) and extrathyroidal extension (P = 0.013) were significant dependent factors of post-operative recurrence.Conclusions:The prognosis of DTC in children and adolescents is favorable. A close follow-up is recommended because of the high recurrence rate. A comparatively higher recurrence rate was observed in the younger age group, and new age-based divisions may be needed to conveniently evaluate the possibility of recurrence.

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简介：Thispaperconsidersthetwo-parttarifflicensingbyaninnovatingfirmtoitspotentialcompetitorinadifferentiatedmixedduopoly,inwhichonefirmsetsaquantityandtheotherfirmchargesaprice.Basedonthedevelopmentcostincurredbytherival,wederivetheoptimalbehaviorofthefirmsunderfullinformationcaseandpartialinformationcaserespectively.Informationdifferenceontheequilibriumstrategiesisalsoinvestigated.

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简介：Giftedspecialeducationexperiencesabroaderdevelopment.Differentiatedcenters,suchasGermanFederalSchoolforHighlyGifted,theGiftedHongKongSchool,DavidsonAcademy,MexicanSchoolforGiftedStudents,andTalentAttentionCenter,areanevidenceofgiftededucationdevelopment.Academicandpsychologicalresultsofthesecentersarewelldocumented.Itisnotknownwhichnon-quantitativefactorsofdifferentiatededucationarethecausesofbetteracademicandpsychologicalresultsincomparisonwithaverageeducation.Thestudywasperformedwith27people,consistingof15giftedstudents（aged4-15）from10countrieswhotakeclassesatoneoftheMexicanAllianceforGiftednessschools,l0professorsorteachersofthegifted,andtwodirectorsoftheseinstitutions.Theresearchwasqualitative,usinginterviewsandfieldobservationforobtainingdataregardingeducationalandpsychologicalactivitieswithingiftedinstruction.Socialandpsychologicalfactorsthatcharacterizedifferentiatedprogramsforthegiftedwerefoundinthisstudy.Teachersingiftededucationfieldhaveactiverolesintheeducationofgiftedstudentsbecomingeducationalleaders.Professorsshowededucationalstrategiesandworkeddifferentlyfromaverage.Intrinsicandextrinsicfactorsthataffectdifferentiatededucationresultswerealsofound,suchasprofessor-studentempathyandpsychological-socialstrategies.Inaddition,theresultsunveiledthetruegiftedstudentacademicexperienceindifferentiatededucation,characterizedbyintensiveacademicscheduleswithregularbreaksforsocialization,exercise,andartsclasses.Furthermore,thisstudyunderminedthemythsaboutgiftedspecialeducationasitshowedholisticallythenon-quantitativefactorscontributingtoitssuccess.

简介：Giventhehighincidenceofcervicallymphnodemetastasisindifferentiatedthyroidcancer(DTC)andtherapidlyincreasedimportanceofneckdissectioninDTC,thejournalofGlandSurgeryislaunchingaspecialissueon'NeckDissectioninDifferentiatedThyroidCarcinoma'inNovemberIssueof2013,

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简介：BackgroundStudyhasshownthatratbonemesenchymalstemcells(MSCs)canbedifferentiatedintoendothelialcellsbyVEGFandb-FGFinvitro.OurpreviousresearchfoundthatafterratboneMSCstreatedbyVEGFandb-FGFgainedthephenotypicandfunctionalfeaturesofendothelialcelllines,withsomedifferencesfromendothelialcelllinesregardtothestabilityandself-replicating.ThisstudywastoexploretheeffectofNotchsignalingonthefunctionsofMSCsdifferentiatedendothelialcells.MethodsRatboneMSCswerecultivatedandtreatedbyVEGF165andb-FGFfor2weekstoinduceendothelialcelldifferentiation.ThegeneofVEGF165wasimportedintodifferentiatedendothelialcells.ThereceptorofNotch1andtheligandofNotchsignalingJagged1weredetectedbyRT-PCRbeforeandafterthetransfection.γ-secretaseinhibitorwasusedtoblockNotchpathway,Cellmigrationabilitywasdetectedbyscarificationtest.Cellswereinoculatedonsemisolidgeltostudytheirabilityofcapillary-likestructureformation.ResultsAftertransfection,VEGF165mRNAwasdetectedonthedifferentiatedendothelialcells.TheexpressionofJagged1’smRNAwasupregulated(1.08±0.01comparedto1.01±0.02,P<0.01)andtherewasnochangeabouttheNotch1.Cellsmigrationabilitywasenhanced[numberofcellsonthescratchedarea:44.95±3.14comparedto41.61±1.42,P<0.05]andtheabilityofformingcapillary-likestructureonsemisolidgelwasnotchanged.Theγ-secretaseinhibitorL-685,458furtherenhancedtheabilitiesofcellmigration[numberofcellsonthescratchedarea:50.28±2.76comparedto44.95±3.14,P<0.05])andcapillary-likestructureformationonsemisolidgel(cellsclassification:4.00±0.63comparedto3.00±0.63,P<0.05).ConclusionsInhibitionofNotchsignalingcanenhancethefunctionsoftheendothelialcellsdifferentiatedfromratMSCs.

简介：客观：为了由adipose-derivedstromal房间(ASC)在vitro导致adipocyte区别，与绿荧光灯的蛋白质(GFP)从转基因的老鼠收获了并且估计经由ASC的附件构造脂肪质的纸巾打字的可能性我骨胶原scaffolds.Methods：从GFP转基因的老鼠的腹股沟的胖垫被酶为ASC(主要文化)的隔离消化。在到ASC的三个段落的扩大以后，房间被ASC在vitro在为二个星期，和adipocyte区别中等的anadipogenic孵化被词法观察和油红估计染色的O。然后，他们被纳入为12个小时andco有教养的骨胶原脚手架，为2months由皮下注射的培植列在后面到裸体老鼠的背面的皮肤。最新形成的纸巾被检测由他染色。结果：有教养的主要干细胞是像成纤维细胞、显示出的活跃增长。在在anadipocyte区别媒介被孵化以后，在逐渐地并且最后积累的细胞质的类脂化合物微滴发展成成熟adipocytes，它出现了在染色的油红O积极。0。5厘米的~3new组织块在裸体老鼠的背面的皮下面被发现，它被荧光灯的观察作为成熟脂肪质的纸巾证实并且他染色。结论：ASC能成功地区分脂肪质的纸巾进成熟adipocytes，它作为intracytoplasmic类脂化合物微滴展出象adipocyte一样形态学和快车。它是与ASC和类型设计的脂肪质的纸巾的一个有效模特儿我骨胶原脚手架。

简介：AbstractPancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are a rare group of neoplasms originating from the endocrine pancreas. PNETs are classified as functional or non-functional tumors. PNETs are more often diagnosed at a higher stage with distant metastases or advanced locoregional disease. The majority of individuals with hepatic metastases will ultimately die of liver failure; therefore, the treatment of liver tumor burden is critical to providing a survival impact. While surgical resection remains the only chance of cure for disease confined to the pancreas or for locoregional disease, the treatment of advanced or metastatic PNETs is more complex and often requires a multimodal approach. This review focuses on treatment options for well and moderately differentiated PNETs with metastatic disease to the liver. These include surgery, liver-directed therapies including ablative and intra-arterial therapies, and systemic therapies such as somatostatin analogues, targeted therapies, chemotherapy, and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Developing an individualized treatment strategy requires careful assessment of liver tumor burden and predicted biological behavior. Aggressive surgical resection of hepatic metastases secondary to PNET primary tumors is associated with improved survival in multiple retrospective studies. General goals of treatment for metastatic disease include prolonging overall survival and progression free survival, improving quality of life, and control of symptoms.

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简介：瞄准：在胃的很好区分的内分泌的肿瘤(GWDET)(ECL房间良性肿瘤)调查cyclin依赖的激酶禁止者p21和p27的表示。方法：p21和p27的表情从匹配GWDET的诊断标准的16个病人在内视镜的活体检视标本immunhistochemically被检验。弱或强壮的积极原子染色任何一个的百分比被注意。有年龄，性，肿瘤本地化，multifocality和伴随的长期的萎缩性胃炎，神经内分泌房间增生(NEH)，神经内分泌发育异常(NED)，肠的组织变形(IM)，Ki-67增长索引和临床的结果的免疫表情的协会也被评估。结果：所有情况与43.6%的一个吝啬的表示分数表示了p27，当31.3%案例显示出任何p21表示时。p21和p27免疫表情显著地与对方一起被相关(P<0.01)，并且表示p21组有更高的p27表示分数(68%对22%)。p21和p27表情在女人是更低的，在在某处除没有粘膜下层扩展的宫底以外，其肿瘤被定位的非衰退的粘膜和盒子。在上矛盾，p21和p27表情与粘膜下层扩展和萎缩性胃炎在男性和病人是更高的。介绍更低的p27分数的盒子有独居的肿瘤显示出既不NEH-NED也不IM。尽管有，有更低的p21表示的盒子介绍了NEH-NED伴随的多焦点的肿瘤。然而，p21的关联和p27表情都没与年龄和Ki-67表示被发现。结论：p27广泛地在GWDET被表示，当p21表示在三分之二个盒子中稀少、观察时。p21和p27表情的损失可以与不同良性肿瘤肿瘤子类型被相关；然而，更多的研究被需要在胃肠的内分泌的肿瘤估计这些未来的标记的角色。