简介：

简介：

简介：

简介：AbstractObjective:This study aimed to determine the likelihood of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in subsequent pregnancy among women without GDM history and to identify risk factors for GDM in subsequent pregnancy.Methods:This retrospective cohort study involved participants who delivered twice in same hospital of 18 research centers when delivered the second baby from January 2018 to December 2018. Finally 6204 women were enrolled and 5180 women without GDM history were analyzed further. Women were categorized as non-GDM or GDM based on the blood glucose values of the subsequent pregnancy, and the characteristics and GDM risk of these groups were compared. A univariate analysis of potential risk factors was performed using the Chi-squared test and/or t-test for qualitative or quantitative variables, respectively. Associations with P values <0.1 were chosen to be included in the multivariate binary logistic regression model.Results:In primary analysis of 6204 women, the incidence of GDM in subsequent pregnancy is 48.9% (490/1002) in women with GDM history and 16.1% (835/5202) in women without GDM history. In a further analysis for 5180 women without GDM at index pregnancy, compared with the non-GDM group, the GDM group had a significantly higher age, prepregnancy body mass index, and blood glucose value at each oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) timepoint (fasting, 1 h and 2 h) during the index and subsequent pregnancies, as well as higher weight retention during the interval between the two pregnancies (P<0.001). Age above 35 years in subsequent pregnancy (odds ratio (OR)=1.540, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.257-1.886, P<0.001), macrosomia in index pregnancy (OR=1.749, 95% CI=1.277-2.395, P=0.001), OGTT blood glucose values in index pregnancy (fasting, OR=2.487, 95% CI=1.883-3.285, P<0.001; 1 h, OR=1.142, 95% CI=1.051-1.241, P=0.002; 2 h, OR=1.290, 95% CI=1.162-1.432, P<0.001) and weight retention (OR=1.052, 95% CI=1.035-1.068, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for GDM in subsequent pregnancy.Conclusion:For women without GDM history, GDM risk factors including age, macrosomia history, OGTT value, and weight retention, these can be evaluated before a subsequent pregnancy. Early warning and interventions are needed for women at high risk.

简介：摘要：培养学生的英语核心素养是初中英语教学的重要目标，备课是教学中重要的一个环节，更是帮助在课堂落实英语核心素养的关键。本文结合《义务教育英语课程标准》（2022年版），以沪教牛津版B本Unit1 Wise men in history为切入点，浅谈如何备课，以期达到培养学生英语核心素养的目标。

简介：【摘要】随着“双减”政策的出台，减负增效，作业设计是关键。在此之前，初中英语作业十分单调、形式混乱且过于抽象而远离现实。在“双减”政策理念的基础上，初中英语教师在整个教学过程中要有单元整体教学意识，需要对作业展开优化设计，设计符合学生全面发展的作业，支持学生自主学习。让学生在完成的过程中有效地提升能力，培养英语核心素养。