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简介：Objective:Todescribeseveralapproachesofearsurgeriesforexperimentalstudiesinrats.Methods:Anesthetizedratswerepreparedfordemonstrationofvariousearsurgeryapproachesdesignedtooptimizeexperimentaloutcomesinstudieswithspecificgoalsandexposurerequirements.Thesurgicalapproachesincludedtheposteriortympanum,superiortympanum,inferiortympanumandoccipitalapproaches.Results:Themiddleearcavityandinnerearweresuccessfullyexposedfromdifferentanglesviathementionedsurgicalapproaches.Forexample,electrodeplacementforrecordingofcochlearbioelectricresponseswaseasilyachievedthroughtheposteriortympanumorinferiortympanumapproach.Alternatively,drugdeliveryorgenetransfectionviaroundwindowmembranewasmosteasilyaccomplishedusingtheposteriortympanumapproach.Cochlearperfusionofprotectiveorototoxicdrugswasbestperformedusingtheinferiortympanumapproach.Ossicularchaininterruptiontoinduceaprolongedconductivehearinglosswasreadilyachievedusingasuperiortympanumapproach.Lastly,surgicaldestructionoftheendolymphaticsactoinduceexperimentalendolymphatichydropswasreadilyperformedviaanoccipitalsurgicalapproach.Conclusion:Thesestandardizedsurgicalapproachescanbeappliedinscientificstudiesoftheearwithdifferentpurposescoveringelectrophysiology,conductivehearingloss,intra-cochleardrugperfusionandexperimentalstudiesrelevanttoMeniere’sdisease.

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简介：AccordingtoPeople'sDaily,70%oftheareasinChinahavepossessedstandardizedmedicalinstitutionsatcounty,town/townshipandcommunitylevels.Alltheplaceshaveprovidedabout2millionperson-timeson-jobtrainingforthegrassrootsmedicalinstitutions.Asaresult,theconditionsofmedicalcareatthegrassrootslevehavebeenobviouslyimproved.In2011,morethanhalfofthe

简介：Regionaldroughtanalysisprovidesusefulinformationforsustainablewaterresourcesmanagement.Inthispaper,astandardizedprecipitationindex(SPI)atmultipletimescaleswasusedtoinvestigatethespatialpatternsandtrendsofdroughtintheHanRiverBasin,oneofthelargesttributariesofYangtzeRiver,China.Itwasfoundthat,intermsofdroughtseverity,theupperbasinoftheHanRiveristheleast,whilethegrowingtrendisthemostconspicuous;alessconspicuousgrowingtrendcanbeobservedinthemiddlebasin;andthereisaninsignificantdecreasingtrendinthelowerbasin.Meanwhile,theimpactofdroughtontheMiddleRouteoftheSouth-to-NorthWaterTransferProjectwasinvestigated,anditissuggestedthatwaterintakemustbereducedintimesofdrought,particularlywhensuccessiveorsimultaneousdroughtsintheupperandmiddlebasinsoftheHanRiverBasinoccur.TheresultscanprovidesubstantialinformationforfuturewaterallocationschemesoftheSouth-to-NorthWaterTransferProject.

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简介：【摘要】目的 探讨分析在精神病学课堂教学中采用标准化病人开展模拟示教的效果。方法 选取于2023年期间在我院精神科实习的30名学生为研究组，另选取往期（2022年期间）于我院精神科实习的30名学生为参照组。参照组接受单纯以问题为导向教学法进行授课，研究组则是在前者基础上采用标准化病人开展模拟示教。观察对两组的教学成果。结果 研究组的理论知识考核成绩较参照组更高，临床技能考核成绩较参照组更高，各项教学效果评分较参照组更高，教学方式满意度较参照组更高，以上指标对比均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 精神病学课堂教学中采用标准化病人开展模拟示教，能够有效提高课堂教学成效，切实增强学生对理论知识的掌握，且可以对其临床技能进行有效的锻炼，从而取得理想的教学成果。同时，学生对这种教学模式也极为认可，能够更好的融入到课堂学习之中，有必要大力推广。