简介：Retinoblastoma(RB)isthemostcommonintraocularcancerofinfancyandchildhood.ThiscancerisinitiatedbymutationonRB1,thetumorsuppressorgenethatisresponsiblefortheregulationofbothcellcycleandgnomestabilityinretinalcells.PatientswithaconstitutionalmutationonRB1canbeinherited.RBoccursapproximately1inevery15000-20000livebirths.Theworldwidemortalityforthiscancerisabout5%-11%.However,thisraterisestoabout40%-70%indevelopingcountriesduetoadelayindiagnosis.Awidevarietyofoptionsareavailableforthetreatment,butoftenacombinationoftherapiesisadoptedtooptimizeindividualizedcare.

简介：AbstractPurpose:This study aimed at exploring the application of trauma time axis management in the treatment of severe trauma patients by using the Medicalsystem trauma system.Methods:We performed a retrospective cohort study involving patients with severe trauma. Patients who were admitted before the application of the Medicalsystem trauma system were divided into before system group; patients who were admitted after the application of the system were divided into after system group. Comparison was made between the two groups. For normally distributed data, means were reported along with standard deviation, and comparisons were made using the independent samples t test. Categorical data were compared using the Chi-square test. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare nonparametric variables.Results:There were 528 patients admitted to the study during the study period. There was no significant statistical difference in the time from the start of trauma team to arrive at the resuscitation room between the two groups. The time from arrival at hospital to endotracheal intubation, to ventilator therapy, to blood transfusion, to completion of CT scan, to completion of closed thoracic drainage, to the start of operation, as well as the length of stay in resuscitation room and hospital were significantly lower after the application of the Medicalsystem trauma system. The mortality was decreased by 8.6% in the after system group compared with that in the before system group, but there was no statistical difference.Conclusion:The Medicalsystem trauma system can optimize diagnosis and treatment process for trauma patients, and accordingly improve the treatment efficiency and shorten the treatment time. Therefore, the Medicalsystem trauma system deserves further popularization and promotion.

简介：AbstractBackground:Tobacco consumption is more life-threatening in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than within the general population; therefore, people living with HIV (PLWH) should be highly motivated to take action towards quitting smoking at or after HIV diagnosis. The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to investigate changes in smoking habits among PLWH over time.Main text:We considered prospective and retrospective cohort studies including PLWH aged 15 years and above, which have measured the prevalence of tobacco smoking (current, former or never) at study initiation and completion, and published between January 1, 2000 and April 15, 2018 without language or geographical restriction. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Africa Journal Online, and Global Index Medicus. We used a random-effects model to pool data. Nine studies were included. The proportion of current and former smokers decreased slightly over time, around 2.5 and 3.8%, respectively. However, the proportion of never smokers decreased sharply by 22.5%, and there were 2.1 and 1.5% PLWH who shifted from never and former smoking to current smoking, respectively. On the other hand, 10.5% PLWH shifted from current to former smoking, 7.1% tried to quit tobacco consumption but failed, and 10.1% stayed in the "never smoking" category over time.Conclusions:PLWH seem not to change positively their smoking habits towards quitting tobacco consumption. There is urgent need to increase actions aimed at helping this vulnerable population to quit tobacco consumption, including individually tailored therapeutic education, psychosocial and pharmacologic supports.

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简介：AbstractLung cancer is one of the leading causes of all cancer-related deaths. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is released from apoptotic and necrotic tumor cells. Several sensitive techniques have been invented and adapted to quantify ctDNA genomic alterations. Applications of ctDNA in lung cancer include early diagnosis and detection, prognosis prediction, detecting mutations and structural alterations, minimal residual disease, tumor mutational burden, and tumor evolution tracking. Compared to surgical biopsy and radiographic imaging, the advantages of ctDNA are that it is a non-invasive procedure, allows real-time monitoring, and has relatively high sensitivity and specificity. Given the massive research on non-small cell lung cancer, attention should be paid to small cell lung cancer.

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简介：AbstractBackground:To detect acute schistosomiasis, low-intensity infections, or to verify the success of treatment with praziquantel, highly sensitive test methods are required. The aim of this study was therefore to demonstrate the performance of Schistosoma mansoni specific DNA detection in serum and urine using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in an endemic area before and after treatment.Methods:The study pursued a 1-week and 20-weeks longitudinal design with a treatment intervention among 36 study participants aged 18 to 70 years in the community of Kayenze, a fishing village in Ilemela district on the southern shore of Lake Victoria in north-western Tanzania between February and June 2018. Blood, urine and stool samples were collected from each participant to diagnose Schistosoma mansoni infection before and two times after treatment with praziquantel using serum-and urine based real-time PCR, point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) rapid diagnostic test and the microscopic Kato-Katz (KK) method. Kappa coefficient (κ) was used to estimate the agreement between these diagnostic tests compared to a combined "gold standard" of positive results by serum-based real-time PCR and/or positive egg counts determined by KK. Kendall’s Tau rank correlation was used to examine the relationship between cycle threshold (Ct)-values and egg counts and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the median Ct-values of the different examination time points.Results:By using the combined "gold standard" of the parasitological Kato-Katz test and/or serum-based real-time PCR, a S. mansoni prevalence of 77.1% could be determined at baseline. In terms of sensitivity, serum-based realtime PCR (96.3%) and POC-CCA assay (77.8%) showed the highest results. The detection of DNA from urine samples showed the lowest sensitivity (33.3%). Treatment with praziquantel resulted in a significantly reduced prevalence of S. mansoni. No infection could be detected by Kato-Katz, with the POC-CCA test only 33.3%. The analysis of the median Ct values over time (which were determined by the serum-based real-time PCR) showed that the Ct decreases significantly shortly after treatment (from 30.3 to 28) and increases above baseline level (34.9) three months later.Conclusions:The data presented here show that the serum-based real-time PCR exhibits excellent diagnostic accuracy, in contrast to the use of urine as sample material for S. mansoni DNA detection. However, as circulating DNA does not necessarily reflect the persistence of living worms in schistosomiasis, this method is less well suited to verify the success of treatment with praziquantel.

简介：Experimentaldata,obtainedfrompreviousstudies,onCriticalTractiveStress(CTS)ofnon-uniformsediments,havebeenusedtoverifytheadequacyofexistingrelationshipsforCTSofnon-uniformbimodalsediments.Keepinginviewtheperformanceofsuchrelationships,anewrelationshipforcomputationofdimensionlessCTSofindividualsizefractionofnon-uniformunimodalandbimodalsedimentshasbeenproposedintheformofpowerlaw.Thecoefficientandexponentoftheproposedpowerlawhavebeenempiricallycorrelatedwithsedimentcharacteristicsforavailablesedimentdata.Theproposedrelationshiphasbeenvalidatedwithindependentflumeandfielddatatoassesstheirapplicabilityforunimodalandbimodalsediments.

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简介：DifferentmodelshavebeenproposedfortheformationandtectonicevolutionoftheSouthChinaSea(SCS),includingextrusionoftheIndochinaPeninsula,backarcextension,two-stageopening,proto-SCSdragging,extensioninducedbyamantleplume,andintegratedmodelsthatcombinediversefactors.Amongthese,theextrusionmodelhasgainedthemostattention.Basedonsimpli?edphysicalexperiments,thismodelproposesthatcollisionbetweentheIndianandEurasianPlatesresultedinextrusionoftheIndochinaPeninsula,whichinturnledtoopeningoftheSCS.TheextrusionoftheIndochinaPeninsula,however,shouldhaveledtopreferentialopeninginthewestsideoftheSCS,whichiscontrarytoobservations.ExtensionalmodelsproposethattheSCSwasabackarcbasin,riftedofftheSouthChinaBlock.Mostofthebackarcextensionmodels,however,arenotcompatiblewithobservationsintermsofeitherageorsubductiondirection.Thetwo-stageextensionmodelisbasedonextensionalbasinssurroundingtheSCS.Recentdatingresultsindeedshowtwo-stageopeningintheSCS,buttheSouthwestSubbasinoftheSCSismuchyounger,whichcontradictsthetwo-stageextensionmodel.Hereweproposeare?nedbackarcextensionmodel.TherewasawideNeotethysOceanbetweentheAustralianandEurasianPlatesbeforetheIndian-Eurasiancollision.Theocean?oorstartedtosubductnorthwardat*125Ma,causingbackarcextensionalongthesouthernmarginoftheEurasianPlateandtheformationoftheproto-SCS.TheNeotethyssubductionregimechangedduetoridgesubductionintheLateCretaceous,resultinginfold-belts,uplifting,erosion,andwidespreadunconformities.Itmayalsohaveledtothesubductionoftheproto-SCS.FlatsubductionoftheridgemayhavereachedfurthernorthandresultedinanotherbackarcextensionthatformedtheSCS.Therollbackofthe?atsubductingslabmighthaveoccurred*90Maago;thesecondbackarcextensionmayhaveinitiatedbetween50and45Ma.TheopeningoftheSouthwestSub

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简介：Translationinitiationsites(TISs)areimportantsignalsincDNAsequences.InmanypreviousattemptstopredictTISsincDNAsequences,threemajorfactorsaffectthepredictionperformance:thenatureofthecDNAsequencesets,therelevantfeaturesselected,andtheclassificationmethodsused.Inthispaper,weexaminedifferentapproachestoselectandintegraterelevantfeaturesforTISprediction.Thetopselectedsignificantfeaturesincludethefeaturesfromthepositionweightmatrixandthepropensitymatrix,thenumberofnucleotideCinthesequencedownstreamATG,thenumberofdownstreamstopcodons,thenumberofupstreamATGs,andthenumberofsomeaminoacids,suchasaminoacidsAandD.Withthenumericaldatageneratedfromthesefeatures,differentclassificationmethods,includingdecisiontree,naiveBayes,andsupportvectormachine,wereappliedtothreeindependentsequencesets.Theidentifiedsignificantfeatureswerefoundtobebiologicallymeaningful,whiletheexperimentsshowedpromisingresults.

简介：Experimentalstudyoninitiationofbivalveshellmotiononahorizontalsandbed,underaunidirectionalflowofwater,ispresented.Experimentswerecarriedoutinaflumewiththreetypesofbivalveshells,namelyCoquinaClam,Cross-barredChioneandPonderousArk,totesttheconditionforinitiationofmotion.Theshapeparametersofbivalveshellsaredefinedappropriately.Experimentswereconductedinaflumewithahorizontalbed,andthecriticalshearstresseswereestimatedusingVanoni'sside-wallcorrection.Thecharacteristicparametersaffectingtheinitiationofshellmotiononahorizontalbedinrough-turbulentregimeidentifiedbasedonthephysicalreasoninganddimensionalanalysisaretheShieldsparameter(nondimensionalcriticalshearstress),nondimensionalcompetentmeanvelocity,nondimensionalsandroughness,nondimensionalflowdepthandshapeparameter.EquationsofShieldsparameterandnondimensionalcompetentmeanvelocityfortheinitialmovementofshellsonahorizontalsandbedwithconvexupwardanddownwardconditionsareobtainedusingexperimentaldata.

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简介：Anovelefficienttrackinitiationmethodisproposedfortheharshunderwatertargettrackingenvironment(heavyclutterandlargemeasurementerrors):tracksplitting,evaluating,pruningandmergingmethod(TSEPM).Trackinitiationdemandsthatthemethodshoulddeterminetheexistenceandinitialstateofatargetquicklyandcorrectly.Heavyclutterandlargemeasurementerrorscertainlyposeadditionaldifficultiesandchallenges,whichdeteriorateandcomplicatethetrackinitiationintheharshunderwatertargettrackingenvironment.Therearethreeprimaryshortcomingsforthecurrenttrackinitiationmethodstoinitializeatarget:(a)theycannoteliminatetheturbulencesofcluttereffectively;(b)theremaybeahighfalsealarmprobabilityandlowdetectionprobabilityofatrack;(c)theycannotestimatetheinitialstateforanewconfirmedtrackcorrectly.Basedonthemultiplehypothesestrackingprincipleandmodifiedlogic-basedtrackinitiationmethod,inordertoincreasethedetectionprobabilityofatrack,tracksplittingcreatesalargenumberoftrackswhichincludethetruetrackoriginatedfromthetarget.Andinordertodecreasethefalsealarmprobability,basedontheevaluationmechanism,trackpruningandtrackmergingareproposedtoreducethefalsetracks.TSEPMmethodcandealwiththetrackinitiationproblemsderivedfromheavyclutterandlargemeasurementerrors,determinethetarget’sexistenceandestimateitsinitialstatewiththeleastsquaresmethod.What'smore,ourmethodisfullyautomaticanddoesnotrequireanykindmanualinputforinitializingandtuninganyparameter.Simulationresultsindicatethatournewmethodimprovessignificantlytheperformanceofthetrackinitiationintheharshunderwatertargettrackingenvironment.

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