简介：

简介：Duetotheexistenceofthermaloffsets,globalsolarirradiancesmeasuredbypyranometersaresmallerthanactualvalues,anderrorsarelargerinthedaytime.Untilnow,thereisnouniversally-recognizedcorrectionmethodforthermaloffseterrors.Therefore,itisimperativetoidentifyaconvenientandeffectivecorrectionmethod.Fivecorrectionmethodswereevaluatedbasedonthedatameasuredfromafieldexperimentfrom23Januaryto15November,2011.Resultshaveshown:1)Temporalvariationcharacteristicsofthermaloffsetsinthefourtestedpyranometersareconsistent.2)Amongthefivemethods,non-dimensionalquantitymethodissuggestedforusetocorrectthermaloffsets,becauseitisconvenientandnomodificationofinstrumentsisrequired.Ifcollocatednetlongwaveradiationandwindspeeddataareavailableandtheiruncertaintiesaresmall,thehistoricalsolarradiationdatasetscanalsobecorrected.Andcorrectioneffectsbythemethodarebetter.

简介：作者作为为整体由使用barotropic预报提供起始的不安的一个工具使用有条件的非线性的最佳的不安(CNOP)的技术伪因地球自转而引起(QG)在一种完美模型的情形当模特儿。为中等范围(14天)的整体预报由起始的状态制造由CNOP和单个向量(SV)使不安。当分析错误是一种快成长错误时，13个不同盒子被选择了。我们的实验证明CNOP的介绍比SV方法提供更好的预报技巧。而且，传播技巧关系表明第一SV被CNOP在代替的整体样品比SV从到白天14的白天6获得的那些显得优异。等级图被采用把新方法与SV途径作比较。结果说明CNOP的介绍为中等范围的整体预报有更高的可靠性。

简介：云在红外线的发光传播上有重要效果因为在数据吸收的云效果的包括不能仅仅极大地改进吸收大气的参数的质量，而且由调整红外线的发光数据的部分最小化云参数的起始的错误。根据Grapes-3D-var(全球、地区性的吸收和预言提高了系统)，云液体水，云冰水和云盖子在吸收作为管理变量被增加。在晴朗天空，部分多云的盖子和完全多云的盖子的条件下面，16条MODIS隧道的亮度温度在理想的测试分别地被吸收。结果看那模仿的背景亮度温度什么时候比观察低，分析的地将由增加它的温度并且减少它的潮湿，云液体水，云冰水，和云增加模仿的亮度温度盖子。如果调整在矛盾的方向被做，模仿的亮度温度能被减少。在晴朗天空条件下面的温度和特定的湿度的调整一致很好到MODIS的设计隧道，而是它在云层下面为层次被削弱。理想的测试由同时作为在红外线的发光的吸收期间管理变量增加云参数和大气的参数表明那，云参数和大气的参数能用观察红外线的发光和常规气象学的元素被调整充分利用红外线的观察。

简介：Drylandsareamongthoseregionsmostsensitivetoclimateandenvironmentalchangesandhuman-inducedperturbations.Themostwidelyaccepteddefinitionofthetermdrylandisaratio,calledtheSurfaceWetnessIndex(SWI),ofannualprecipitationtopotentialevapotranspiration(PET)beingbelow0.65.PETiscommonlyestimatedusingtheThornthwaite(PETTh)andPenman–Monteithequations(PETPM).ThepresentstudycomparedspatiotemporalcharacteristicsofglobaldrylandsbasedontheSWIwithPETThandPETPM.ResultsshowedvastdifferencesbetweenPETThandPETPM;however,theSWIderivedfromthetwokindsofPETshowedbroadlysimilarcharacteristicsintheinterdecadalvariabilityofglobalandcontinentaldrylands,exceptinNorthAmerica,withhighcorrelationcoefficientsrangingfrom0.58to0.89.Itwasfoundthat,during1901–2014,globalhyper-aridandsemi-aridregionsexpanded,aridanddrysub-humidregionscontracted,anddrylandsunderwentinterdecadalfluctuation.Thiswasbecauseprecipitationvariationsmademajorcontributions,whereasPETchangescontributedtoamuchlesserdegree.However,distinctdifferencesintheinterdecadalvariabilityofsemi-aridanddrysub-humidregionswerefound.ThisindicatedthattheinfluenceofPETchangeswascomparabletothatofprecipitationvariationsintheglobaldry–wettransitionzone.Additionally,thecontributionofPETchangestothevariationsinglobalandcontinentaldrylandsgraduallyenhancedwithglobalwarming,andtheThornthwaitemethodwasfoundtobeincreasinglylessapplicableunderclimatechange.

简介：Mainproblemofmodernclimatologyistoassessthepresentaswellasfutureclimatechange.Forthisaimtwoapproachesareused:physic-mathematicmodelingonthebasisofGCMsandpalaeoclimaticanalogues.Thethirdapproachisbasedontheempirical-statisticalmethodologyandisdevelopedinthispaper.Thisapproachallowstodecidetwomainproblems:togivearealassessmentofclimatechangesbyobserveddataforclimatemonitoringandextrapolationofobtainedclimatetendenciestothenearestfuture(10-15years)andgivetheempiricaibasisforfurtherdevelopmentofphysic-mathematicaimodels.Thebasictheoryandmethodologyofempirical-statisticapproachhavebeendevelopedaswellasacommonmodelfordescriptionofspace-timeclimatevariatiomtakingintoaccounttheprocessesofdifferenttimescales.Thewayofdecreasingofthepresentandfutureuncertaintyissuggestedastheextractionoflong-termclimatechangescomponentsintheparticulartimeseriesandspatialgeneralizationofthesameclimatetendenciesintheobtainedhomogeneousregions.Algorithmandmethodsforrealizationofempirical-statisticmethodologyhavebeendevelopedalongwithmethodsforgeneralizationofintraannualfluctuations,methodsforextractionofhomogeneouscomponentsofdifferenttimescales(interannual,decadal,century),methodologyandmethodsforspatialgeneralizationandmodeling,methodsforextrapolationonthebasisoftwomainkindsoftimemodels:stochasticanddeterministic--stochastic.SomeapplicationsofdevelopedmethodologyandmethodsaregivenforthelongesttimeseriesoftemperatureandprecipitationovertheworldandforspatialgeneralizationovertheEuropeanarea.

简介：为学习在地区性的规模上的人为的硫酸盐和气候的反应的放射的强迫的三个主要方法，与为到硫酸盐的transformingSO_2的给定的率，第一把实际上释放的SO_2正在变换成硫酸盐并且由在气候模型计算转移方程获得硫酸盐的分发。第二在在网上结合的地区性的气候模型通过事的化学反应和转移正在获得硫酸盐分发为硫化物包括完整的化学反应的一个大气的化学模型。Thethird是把硫酸盐分发数据放从GCM和它的联合大气的化学模型到地区性的气候模型，它是因此调用了离线的联合方法。是出现在比较在之间在网上并且脱机在地区性的规模上当模特儿，硫酸盐的放射的气候效果从各种各样的方法由于重要影响显示出大不确定性。

简介：Areviewoften-year’spracticeindevelopingtheimprovedsimultaneousphysicalretrievalmethod(ISPRM)isgiveninthehopethatsomecreativeideascanbedrawnfromit.TheimprovementupontheSPRMisassociatedwiththeunder-determinednessofthisill-posedinverseproblem.Inourexperiment,thepreconditionisobservedthatpriorinformationmustbeindependentofthesatellitemeasurements.Thewell-posedretrievaltheoryhastoldusthattheforwardprocessisfundamentalfortheretrieval,anditisthebridgebetweentheinputofsatelliteradianceandtheoutputofretrievals.Inordertoobtainabetterresultfromtheforwardprocess.thefulladvantageofeverypriorinformationavailablemustbetaken.Itisnecessarytoturntheill-posedinverseproblemintothewell-posedone.ThenbyusingtheRidgeregressionorBayesalgorithmtofindtheoptimalcombinationamongthefirstguess,thetheoreticalanalogueinformationandthesatelliteobservations,theimpactoftheunder-determinednessofthisinverseproblemonthenumericalsolutionisminimized.

简介：在北中国的干旱、半干旱的区域改进土地表面模拟，从在Dunhuang和Tongyu的二个地实验的观察数据被用来在土地表面模型，优化参数蝙蝠，通过刻度与多标准方法。到在Dunhuang和Tongyu的参数的敏感分析显示不同参数需要在二个地点被校准与不同环境并且气候政体。观察的理智的热流动，潜伏的热流动，和有模仿的地面表面温度的比较证明有优化参数的模拟是实质地改善了。特别，有参数价值的刻度的整体的模拟离在干旱区域(Dunhuang)的观察靠近得多，并且有校准的参数的精力分区能也是在半干旱的区域(Tongyu)的模仿的井。当模型将被用来调查地对空的相互作用时，整个结果证明陆地表面模型的参数刻度是重要的。