简介：Carotenepigmentsinflowersandfruitsaredistinctfeaturesrelatedtofitnessadvantagessuchasattractinginsectsforpollinationandbirdsforseeddispersal.Inpapaya,thefleshcolorofthefruitisconsideredaqualitytraitthatcorrelateswithnutritionalvalueandislinkedtoshelf-lifeofthefruit.Toelucidatethecarotenoidbiosynthesispathwayinpapaya,wetookacandidategeneapproachtoclonethelycopeneβ-cyclasegene,LCY-B.ApapayaLCY-Bortholog,cpLCY-B,wassuccessfullyidentifiedfrombothcDNAandbacterialartificialchromosome(BAC)librariesandcompletegenomicsequencewasobtainedfromthepositiveBACincludingthepromoterregion.ThiscpLCY-Bshared80%aminoacididentitywithcitrusLCY-B.However,fullgenomicsequencesfrombothyellow-andred-fleshedpapayawereidentical.Quantitativereal-timePCR(qPCR)revealedsimilarlevelsofexpressionatsixdifferentmaturingstagesoffruitsforbothyellow-andred-fleshedgenotypes.FurtherexpressionanalysesofcpLCY-Bshowedthatitsexpressionlevelswereseven-andthree-foldhigherinleavesand,respectively,flowersthaninfruits,suggestingthatcpLCY-Bisdown-regulatedduringthefruitripeningprocess.

简介：Anuranmetamorphosisinvolvessystematictransformationsofindividualorgansinathyroidhormone(TH)-dependentmanner.Morphologicalandcellularstudieshaveshownthattheremovaloflarvalorgans/tissuessuchthetailandthetadpoleintestinalepitheliumisthroughprogrammedcelldeathorapoptosis.RecentmolecularinvestigationssuggestthatTHregulatesmetamorphosisbyregulatingtargetgeneexpressionthroughthyroidhormonereceptors(TRs),whichareDNA-bindingtranscriptionfactors.CloningandcharacterizationofTHresponsegenesshowthatdiversegroupsofearlyresponsegenesareinducedbyTH.TheproductsoftheseTHresponsegenesarebelievedtodirectlyorindirectlyaffecttheexpressionand/orfunctionsofcelldeathgenes,whichareconservedatbothsequenceandfunctionlevelsindifferentanimalspecies.Amajorchallengeforfutureresearchliesatdeterminingthesignalingpathwaysleadingtotheactivationofapoptoticprocessesandwhetherdifferentdeathgenesareinvolvedintheregulationofapoptosisindifferenttissues/organstoeffecttissue-specifictransformations.

简介：China'sFreeARTProgramwasinitiatedin2002asanemergencyresponsetosaveandimprovethelivesofAIDSpatientslivingmainlyinimpoverishedruralregionsofcentralChina.WithlittleexperienceinHIV/AIDStreatmentandcareandresourcelimitations,China'seffortstoprovidewidespreadaccesstofreeantiretroviraltherapyhasbeenaprocessfraughtwithdifficulty.However,theFreeARTProgramisprogressingfromanemergencyresponsetoastandardizedtreatmentandcaresystem.Thedevelopmentofnationalguidelines,trainingprograms,alaboratorysupportnetwork,anationalpatientdatabase,programsforspecialpopulationssuchaschildrenandpatientslivingwithcoinfections,andoperationalresearchhasimprovedthescopeandqualityofthefreetreatmentprogram.AsofJune30,2005,atotalof19,456patientsin28provinces,autonomousregions,andspecialmunicipalitieshadreceivedfreeART.ChallengesstemmingfromthenatureofChina'shealthsystemandpatientpopulationpersist,butwithstronggovernmentsupportandadiversesetofresources,Chinahasthecapacitytoovercomethesechallengesandtoprovidenationwideaccesstohighqualitytreatmentandcare.

简介：FastPlant(Brassicarapa,Cruciferae)leaftissuefixedinglutaraldehyde-acroleinandpost-fixedinos-mium,wasexaminedforresponsetoseveraleasily-preparedheavymetalstains.Leadanduranium,separatelyandincombination,gavetypicalresultsacrossthespectrumofcellorganellets.Asasinglestainfollowingosmium,bismuthproducedimagesseeminglyequivalenttoleadanduranium.Phosphotungsticacidproducedverygoodmembranedelineationbutproducedawashed-outbackgroundimagesimilartothatfromleadstaining.Carbohydratecompoundswereespeciallyresponsivetoruthenium;thecytoplasmandthematrixofallorganelleswerealsostainedverywell.Theprocedureswerenomoredemandingthantraditionalstainingmethodsandmaybeeasilyusedinresearchandteaching.FastPlantmaterialsareareliable,quickandeasysourceoflivingmaterial.

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简介：GABAtransporter1(GAT1)takesimportantrolesinmultiplephysiologicalprocessesthroughtheuptakeandreleaseofGABA,buttheregulationofGAT1geneexpressionindifferenttissuesisrarelyknown.Toaddressthequestion,first,5'RapidamplificationofcDNAend(RACE)wasusedtodetermineGAT1transcriptionalstartingsitesinneonatalmousecerebralcortexandintestine,adultmousebrainandadultrattestis.Theproductsof5'RACEwereconfirmedbyDNAsequencing.WefoundthatthetranscriptofGAT1inneonatalmousecerebralcortexandadultmousebrainstartsatthesamesite(insideofexon1),whileinmouseintestine,GAT1startstranscriptioninintron1,andinrattestis,thetranscriptofGAT1hasanadditionaluntranslationexontothe5'direction.

简介：FastPlant(Brassicarapa,Cruciferae)leaftissuefixedinglutaradehyde-acroleinandpost-fixedinosmium,wasexaminedforresponsetoseveraleasilypreparedheavymetalstains.Leadanduranium,separatelyandincombination,gavetypicalresultsacrossthespectrumofcellorgeanelles.Asssinglestainfollowingosmium,bismuthproducedimagesseeminglyequivalenttoleadanduranium.Phosphotungsticacidproducedverygoodmembranedelineationbutproducedawashed-outbackgroundimagesimilartothatfromleadstaining.Carbohydratecompoundswereespeciallyresponsivetoruthenium;thecytoplasmandthematrixofallorganelleswerealsostainedverywell.Theprocedureswerenomoredemandingthantraditionalstainingmethodsandmaybeeasilyusedinresearchandteaching.FastPlantmaterialsareareliable,quicknandeasysourceoflivingmaterial.

简介：治疗学的克隆，胚胎的干细胞(转换字符)由此从原子转移(NT)被导出胚胎，可以在再生药的新时代起一个主要作用。Inthis学习我们建立了四十原子转移--从不同施主房间类型或段落的NTembryos被导出的转换字符(NT转换字符)线。我们发现NT转换字符能够形成胚胎植物或动物身体。另外，NT转换字符表示了pluripotency干细胞标记试管内并且能区分进胚胎的纸巾体内。从施主房间能形成完整的术语的早经过R1的NT胚胎开发了小狗，而那些为为实时出生是必要的reprogramming从迟了的经过R1ES施主房间失去了潜力。我们随后建立了近来从NT胚囊被开发的sequentialNT-R1-ESC线经过R1转换字符施主。然而，当在他们的早段落用作原子转移施主时，这些NT-R1-ESC排队，没能导致实时小狗。这显示用顺序的NT转换字符的治疗学的克隆过程不能救居住在以前的施主代的发展缺乏。

简介：类Bscavenger受体(SR-Bs)是在vivo涉及各种各样的生理的进程的房间表面glycoproteins，包括xenobiotics的类脂化合物，绑定和吞噬作用的运输和新陈代谢，并且发信号。但是很少信息都不关于蚕SR-Bs是可得到的；为揭示他们的功能学习这些SR-Bs是必要的。在这研究，我们克隆BmSCRBQ4的全身的编码顺序，从蚕BombyxmoriL的SR-B基因。我们发现BmSCRBQ4基因由九exons和八introns组成，与编码456氨基酸的1371bp的一个开的读物框架。基因表示研究决定BmSCRBQ4送信人RNA(mRNA)在未受精的鸡蛋被表示，在胚胎的开发期间并且在整个幼虫的时期的多数。mRNA的表示在中间的内脏，中间的丝绸腺，以后的丝绸腺，头，integumentum，胖身体，睾丸和幼虫的B的卵巢被检测。moriDazao紧张，以及在蚕，房间衬里BmN和BmE。蛋白质表示研究发现BmSCRBQ4蛋白质仅仅在睾丸，胖身体和幼虫的中间的丝绸腺，以及在蚕房间行BmN和BmE被表示。BmSCRBQ4蛋白质在不同纸巾和房间在banding模式看了可变性什么时候由西方的弄污分析了。染色的Immunohistochemical证明BmSCRBQ4蛋白质本地化到组成的膜或这些纸巾的细胞的膜。这些结果显示那BmSCRBQ4基因可以在每纸巾在房间表面起一些生理地相关的作用。

简介：TheTK-selectedchromosome-mediategenetransferlineswereanalysedusingDNAdotblotmethod,G-11bandingandinsituhybridization.TheresultsshowedthatCMGTcanprovideawidevarietyofintermediatesizeofthetransgenomefromgreaterthan80,000kbtolessthan2,000kb.SomeoftransfectantsareintergratedintomousechromosomewhichcanbedetectedbyG-11bandingandinsituhybridization

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简介：Horizontalgenetransfer(HGT)haslongbeenconsideredasaprincipalforceforanorganismtogainnovelgenesingenomeevolution.Homologysearch,phylogeneticanalysisandnucleotidecompositionanalysisarethreemajorobjectiveapproachestoarguablydeterminetheoccurrenceanddirectionalityofHGT.Here,21genesthatpossessthepotentialtohorizontaltransferwereacquiredfromthewholegenomeofMagnaporthegriseaaccordingtoannotation,amongwhichthreecandidategenes(correspondingproteinaccessionnumbersareEAA55123,EAA47200andEAA52136)wereselectedforfurtheranalysis.AccordingtoBLASThomologyresults,wesubsequentlyconductedphylogeneticanalysisofthethreecandidateHGTgenes.Moreover,nucleotidecompositionanalysiswasconductedtofurthervalidatetheseHGTs.Inaddition,thefunctionsofthethreecandidategenesweresearchedinCOGdatabase.Consequently,weconcludethatthegeneencodingproteinEAA55123istransferredfromClostridiumperfringens.AnotherHGTeventisbetweenEAA52136andacertainmetazoan'scorrespondinggene,butthedirectionremainsuncertain.Yet,EAA47200isnotatransferredgene.

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简介：IncubationofdinoflagellateCrythecodiniumcohniichromosomesincytoplasmicextractsofunfertilizedXenopuslaeviseggsresultedinchromosomesdecondensationandrecondensation,nuclearenvelopeassembly,andnuclearreconstitution.DinoflagellateCrythecodiniumcohniiisakindofprimitiveeukaryotewhichpossessesnumerouspermanentlycondensedchromosomesanddiscontinuousdouble-layerednuclearmembranethroughoutthecellcycle.Theassemblednuclei,beingsurroundedbyacontinuousdoublemembranecontainingnuclearporesandtheuniformlydispersedchromatinfibersaremorphologicallydistinguishablefromthatofDinoflagellateCrythecodiniumcohnii.However,incubationofdinoflagellateCyrthecodiniumcohniichromosomesintheextractsfromdinoflagellateCrythecodiniumcohniicellsdoesnotinducenuclearreconstitution.

简介：植物非特定的类脂化合物转移蛋白质(nsLtps)被报导了对细菌、真菌的病原体涉及植物防卫活动。在这研究，我们识别了135(122通常认为并且13以前识别了)SolanaceaensLtps，它被聚类进8个不同的组。由与Boutrot的nsLtp分类作比较，我们分类这八个组进五种类型(我，II，IV，IX和X)。我们把SolanaceaensLtps与Arabi-dopsis和GramineaensLtps作比较并且发现(1)那打字我，II和IV被Solanaceae，Gramineae和Arabidopsis分享；(2)类型III，V，VI和VIII被Gramineae和Arabidopsis分享然而并非到目前为止在Solanaceae检测了；(3)而类型IX在Arabidopsis和Solanaceae仅仅是在场的，类型VII仅仅在Gramineae被发现；(4)类型X是在我们的数据说明52.59%SolanaceaensLtps的一种新类型，并且到目前为止没在任何另外的植物被报导。我们进一步造了并且比较了八个组的三维的结构，并且发现在nsLtp家庭以内的主要功能的多样化能被早于到monocot/dicot分叉，并且许多基因复制和顺序变化在monocot/dicot分叉以后发生在nsLtp家庭，特别在Solanaceae。

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简介：MultitoxinBt-cropsexpressinginsecticidaltoxinswithdifferentmodesofaction,forexample,CryandVip,areexpectedtoimproveresistancemanagementintargetpests.WhileCry1Aresistancehasbeenrelativelywellcharacterizedinsomeinsectspecies,thisisnotthecaseforVip3A,forwhichnomechanismofresistancehasyetbeenidentified.HereweappliedHT-SuperSAGEtoanalyzethetranscriptomeoftheguttissueoftobaccobudwormHeliothisvirescens(F.)laboratory-selectedforVip3Aaresistance.Fromatotalof1324252sequencereads,5895126-bptagswereobtainedrepresenting17751nonsingletonuniquetranscripts(UniTags)fromgeneticallysimilarVip3Aa-resistant(Vip-Sel)andsusceptiblecontrol(Vip-Unsel)strains.Differentialexpressionwassignificant(≥2.5foldor≤0.4;P<0.05)for1989sequences(11.2%oftotalUniTags),where420representedoverexpressed(OE)and1569underexpressed(UE)genesinVip-Sel.BLASTNsearchesmapped419UniTagstoH.virescenssequencecontigs,ofwhich,416(106OEand310UE)wereunambiguouslyannotatedtoproteinsinNCBInonredundantproteindatabases.GeneOntologydistributed345ofannotatedUniTagsin14functionalcategorieswithmetabolism(includingserine-typehydrolases)andtranslation/ribosomebiogenesisbeingthemostprevalent.AUniTaghomologoustoaparticularmemberoftheREsponsetoPAThogen(REPAT)familywasfoundamongmostoverexpressed,whileUniTagsrelatedtotheputativeVip3Aa-bindingribosomalproteinS2(RpS2)wereunderexpressed.qRT-PCRofasubsetofUniTagsvalidatedtheHT-SuperSAGEdata.ThisstudyisthefirstprovidinglepidopteranguttranscriptomeassociatedwithVip3Aaresistanceandafoundationforfutureattemptstoelucidatetheresistancemechanism.

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