简介：Sport-relatedconcussionisacommonneurologicalinjurythatoccursinalllevelsofathleticparticipation.Concussionsmayactuallygoundiagnosed,astheydonotalwaysdisplayoutwardsignsandathletesmayfailtoreportsymptomsofconcussion,eitherbecausetheydonotknowthesymptoms,orforfearofremovalfromplay.Inappropriatemanagementofconcussioncanleadtoincreasedriskofsubsequentinjury.Thisarticleoutlinesvariousaspectsofsport-relatedconcussionmanagement,includingpreparation/planning,education,evaluation,management,returntoplaydecisions,andlongtermeffectsofconcussion.Preparationandeducationarethefirststepsthatmustbetakentominimizethepotentiallynegativeconsequencesofconcussion.Ifaconcussionissuspected,itmustbestressedthattheevaluationshouldincludeamultifacetedapproach,withaphysicalexaminationandassessmentofsignsandsymptoms,neurocognitionandbalance.Themanagementofconcussionshouldincludebothphysicalandcognitiverestandfactorssuchastransportation,sleep,work,andacademicsshouldbetakenintoconsideration.Returntoplayfollowingconcussionshouldfollowagraduatedreturntoplayprotocol,withcarefulmonitoringofsymptoms.Sportsmedicinecliniciansshouldstayuptodatewithinformationregardingconcussionmanagementandtakeaconservativeapproach,becausetherearerecentreportsofvariouscumulativeeffectsofmultipleconcussions.

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简介：Purpose:Tosummarizetheapproach-avoidanceachievementgoalandperformanceinthesportpsychologyliterature.Methods:Atotalof17publishedstudies,twoofwhichprovidedtwosamples,werelocated.Acceptedmeta-analyticprocedureswereusedwithHedgesgastheeffectsizemetric.Fromthe17studies,73effectsizeswerecalculated.Results:Resultsbasedonarandomeffectsmodelindicatedthattheperformancegoalcontrasthadthelargestfacilitativeimpactonperformancefollowedbythemasteryandperformanceapproachgoals.Bothoftheavoidancegoalsperformanceandmasteryhadsmallnon-significantanddetrimentaleffectsonperformance.Thehomogeneitystatisticsrevealedsignificantheterogeneityfortheapproachandavoidanceperformancegoals.Categoricalmoderatorvariableswereexaminedforstudysexcomposition(male,female,ormixed),meanageofsample(<18yearsor18years),studysetting(labornaturalistic),andnatureofperformancevariable(objectiveorsubjective).Conclusion:Theperformancegoalcontrastholdsvalueforsportperformanceresearch.Contrarytoapproach-avoidancepredictions,themastery-approachgoalandperformanceeffectsizewassignificantandofequalmagnitudeastheperformanceapproachgoalandperformanceeffectsize.Thus,futureresearchshouldcloselytesttheefficacyofboththemastery-andperformancecontrastsinimpactingperformanceofsporttasks.Last,thesignificanteffectsizesreportedinthisreviewareinstarkcontrasttocontemporarymeta-analyticfindingsineducation.Differencesintheapproach-avoidancegoalsinsportandeducationrelativetoperformanceshouldberesearchedfurther.

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简介：1.IntroductionEatingdisorders(ED)arethemostcommonpsychiatricdisordersafflictingyoungwomen~1andcontributetogreatdetrimentsinpsychological,social,andphysicalhealth.~(2,3)Unfortunately,EDtreatmentstendtobelonglasting,intensive,andexpensive.~4Additionally,individualswithEDseekingtreatmentusehealthcareservicesmorefrequentlythannon-EDindividu-

简介：Purpose:ThepurposeofthisquantitativereviewwastosummarizethestateofElliot’sHierarchicalModelofApproachandAvoidanceMotivation,specificallytheantecedentsofthe2×2achievementgoalsinthesport,physicalactivity,andphysicaleducationliterature.Inaddition,theintercorrelationsamongstthe2×2goalswerealsoexamined.Methods:Asystematicreviewoftheliteraturewasconducted.Meta-analyticprocedureswereusedwiththemeanweightedsamplecorrelation(rw)astheeffectsizemetric.TheantecedentswerecodedbyElliot’s(1999)antecedentcategories.Anumberofmoderatorswerecodedapriori.Results:Basedonafixedeffectsmodelfrom47publishedstudies(totaluniquen=15,413)thatmetinclusioncriteria,the2×2achievementgoalsweresignificantlycorrelatedamongsteachotherrangingfromsmalltomediumtolargeinmeaningfulness.Concerningtheantecedents,overalltheyweretheoreticallycorrectinassociations,butonlyafewoftherelationshipsweremediuminmeaningfulness.Mostrelationshipsweresmallinmeaningfulness.Heterogeneitywaspresentfortheinterrcorrelationandantecedentanalyses.Conclusion:FutureresearchisencouragedtogrowandenrichtheunderstandingofachievementgoalswithinElliot’scompleteHierarchicalModelofApproachandAvoidanceMotivationtoincludebothantecedentsandoutcomessimultaneouslytoimproveupontheunderstandingofachievementmotivationinsport,exercise,andphysicalactivitysettings.