简介:Climatechangeandurbanizationissuesarethetwokeyfactorsthatmakehumansliabletobeaffectedbydisasters,whichareoverlappedinurbanagglomeration.ThefivebigurbanagglomerationsofChinawithstrongeconomicpoweraretheimportantenginesfornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopment.However,beinginthesea-landmutualinteractionbeltswithavasthazard-bearingbody,theyareaffectedbysea-landcompounddisasters,andareliabletosufferheavydisasterlosseswithclimatechange.Itissuggestedthatgovernmentdepartmentsconcernedshouldfullyrecognizetheimpactofclimatechangeoncoastalurbanagglomerations,proposestrategiesassoonaspossible,andintegratetheimpactofclimatechangeandadaptationcountermeasuresintothevariouskindsofsocial-economicdevelopmentplansforcoastalurbanregions.
简介:China'scirculareconomyisstillattheinitialstage,whosedevelopmenthasmanydifficultiesandproblemsrequiringimmediateresolutiontheoreticallyandpractically.Duetothedifferencesofregionsonthescaleofland,endowmentofresources,economicbasisandculturalbackground,thedevelopmentallevelsandcapabilitiesofcirculareconomyareinevitablydifferent.Basedonestablishingtheindicatorsystemforassessingthedevelopmentallevelofregionalcirculareconomy,spatialvariationofChina'scirculareconomyismeasuredbythequantitativemeasurementusingprincipalcomponentanalysis,andtheexistingproblemsarealsoanalyzedanddiscussed.Ononehand,thedifferencesofthedevelopmentcapabilityofthecirculareconomyofdifferentprovinces(cities)areprofoundinChina;①Differencebetweenthefirstcategory(strong)andthesecondcategory(relativelystrong)is1.1264points.Differencebetweenthesecondcategoryandthethirdcategory(relativelyweak)is0.3867points.Differencebetweenthethirdcategoryandthefourthcategory(weak)is1.0238points.Differencebetweenthefirstcategoryandthefourthcategoryreachesupto2.0869points.Averagedifferencebetweentheareawherethedevelopmentallevelofcirculareconomyisrelativelystrongandtheareawherethedevelopmentallevelofcirculareconomyisrelativelyweakis1.3617points.②Thedifferencesofthedistributionoftheareas,withdifferentdevelopmentcapabilityofcirculareconomy,whicharelocatedinthethreeeconomicregionsofChina,arealsoprofound.Theregionswitharelativelystrongdevelopmentcapabilityofcirculareconomyaremainlylocatedintheeasterneconomicarea,whichaccountfor22.58%ofthewholeregions,whileonlyaccountfor12.90%inthemiddleandwesterneconomicareas.Onthecontrary,theregionswitharelativelyweakdevelopmentcapabilityofcirculareconomyaccountfor48.39%inthemiddleandwesternarea,whileaccountfor16.13%intheeasternarea.Ontheothe
简介:Sustainableuseofnaturalresourcesandsustainabledevelopmentareconceptsthataregainingmomentumgloballyintheadventofglobalwarmingandclimatechange.ThethresholdfortheentryinforceoftheParisAgreementonClimateChangewasachievedexactly5daysaftertheunveilingofBotswana’sVision2036document.Thisdevelopmentframeworkenvisagessustainableeconomicdevelopmentandclimatechangeadaptation.ThisarticleusesexploratoryresearchmethodologyofsystematicdocumentanalysistoanalyzetheseprinciplesinthecontextofBotswana.Itinvestigatesgovernment’sintentionsinachievingthethirdpillarofthenationalvision.Botswanahasdeclareditsintensionstoreducecarbonemissionsby15%by2030throughtheintendednationallydeterminedcontributions.Whilethecountry’sambitionsarelargelyforward-lookingandalignedwiththoseoftheParisAgreement,theeconomicdiversificationplansofBotswanathreatentopotentiallycontributesignificantlytotheemissionofgreenhousegases.Thearticleappliessustainabilityand/orsustainabledevelopmenttheoryinexaminingtherelationshipbetweentheParisAgreementandBotswana’svision.Itconcludesthatthereislinkbetweenthetwodocuments,bothofwhichareanchoredofthedevelopmentwhichisenvironmentallysustainable.Itfurtherconcludesthatdevelopingnationsshouldmakeinternationalcommitmentswhicharealignedtotheirdevelopmentalplans.
简介:AftertheKyotoProtocolwasimplemented,carbonleakageexertsgreatinfluencesoninternationaltradeandeconomy.Tradecreatesamechanismforconsumerstoshiftenvironmentalpollutionassociatedwiththeirconsumptiontoothercountries.ChinahasovertakentheU.S.astheworld'sbiggestCO2emittersince2006.AsChina'ssecondlargesttradepartner,theU.S.hasthebiggesttradedeficitwithChinawhichhasarousedalotofdisputesbetweenthetwoparties.ButsofartheassessmentsofthetradeimbalanceofChina-U.S.havepaidlittleattentiontoenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththetradeimbalance.Appliedaninput-outputapproach,thearticleestimatestheamountofCO2embodiedinChina-U.S.tradeduring1997-2007.ItwasfoundthatthroughtradewithChina,theU.S.reduceditsCO2emissionscomparedwithanon-tradescenario.Duetothegreatercarbon-intensityandrelativelylessefficientproductionprocessesofChineseindustry,China-U.S.traderesultedinmoreCO2emissionsinChinaandtheworld.Intheend,thearticlegivessomesuggestions:itisequalandsustainablethattheinternationalaccountingmethodologiesshouldbeimproved,forCO2emissionsresponsibilitymustbedesignedtoaccountforthedynamicnatureofinternationaltrade.
简介:Projectionsfor20yearsofeconomicgrowthandchangeinthestructureoftheThaieconomyweremadefor180sectorsusingacomputablegeneralequilibrium(CGE)modeltocomparethefollowingfourscenarios:(1)standardgrowthwithinfinitesupplyoffactors,(2)finitelandsupply,(3)fixeduseofagriculturalchemicals,and(4)combinedfinitelandsupplywithfixeduseofagriculturalchemicals.Thecomputableprojectionssuggestthattheeconomiccostofhypotheticalenvironmentalcontrolinagricultureissmallandfurtherweakenedbyurbanization.Thecomputedstructuraldevelopmentpointstoefficiencyimprovementsspecifictosectorstoreturntheeconomytobalancedgrowth.
简介:InspiredbythephenomenonofheavyreductionintheareaofcultivatedlandfollowingtheentryofKoreaandJapantotheWTO,countrieswithalargepopulationandinadequateamountofcultivatedlandsimilartoChina,thispaperraisestheproblemofthepotentialeffectsoncultivatedlandinChinafollowingitsentrytotheWTO.Thepaperattemptsanalysis,usingeconomicprinciples,oftheeffectsofChineseWTOmembershiponcultivatedlandfromfouraspects;tariffconcessions,quotaincrement,comparativeadvantage,andthesubstitutionprinciple.AndtheconclusionismatChina’sentrytoWTOmayleadtoareductionincultivatedland.Finally,somecountermeasuresareproposedtoresolvetheproblem.
简介:EstablishingpositiveandurgenttargetsforCO2reductionandemissionpeak,andpromotingenergyconservationandenergystructureadjustmentareamongthestrategiestoaddressglobalclimatechangeandCO2emissionsreduction.Theyarealsomeanstobreakthroughtheconstraintsofdomesticresourcesandenvironment,andinternalneeds,toachievesustainabledevelopment.Generallyspeaking,acountry’sCO2emissionpeakappearsafterachievingurbanizationandindustrialization.Bythen,connotativeeconomicgrowthwillappear,GDPwillgrowslowly,energyconsumptionelasticitywilldecrease,andenergyconsumptiongrowthwillslowdown-dependentmainlyonnewandrenewableenergies.Fossilfuelconsumptionwillnotincreasefurther.WhenCO2emissionreachesitspeak,theannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofGDPisgreaterthanGDPannualgrowthrate;andtheannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofenergyuseisgreaterthantheannualgrowthrateofenergyconsumption.Therefore,threeimportantapproachestopromotionofCO2emissionpeakcanbeconcluded:maintainingreasonablecontrolofGDPgrowth,strengtheningenergyconservationtosignificantlyreducetheGDPenergyintensity,andoptimizingtheenergymixtoreducetheCO2intensityofenergyuse.Byaround2030,Chinawillbasicallyhavecompleteditsrapiddevelopmentphaseofindustrializationandurbanization.ConnotativeeconomicgrowthwillappearwiththeaccelerationofindustrialstructureadjustmentThetargetofGDPenergyintensitywillstillbetomaintainanaverageannualreductionof3%orhigher.Theproportionofnon-fossilfuelswillreach20-25%,andtheaimwillbetomaintainanaverageannualgrowthrateof6-8%.Thetotalannualenergydemandgrowthof1.5%willbesatisfiedbythenewlyincreasedsupplyofnon-fossilfuels.TheannualdeclineinCO2intensityofGDPwillreach4.5%orhigher,whichiscompatiblewithanaverageannualGDPgrowth
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简介:Animprovedenergydemandforecastingmodelisbuiltbasedontheautoregressivedistributedlag(ARDL)boundstestingapproachandanadaptivegeneticalgorithm(AGA)toobtaincredibleenergydemandforecastingresults.TheARDLboundsanalysisisfirstemployedtoselecttheappropriateinputvariablesoftheenergydemandmodel.Aftertheexistenceofacointegrationrelationshipinthemodelisconfirmed,theAGAisthenemployedtooptimizethecoefficientsofbothlinearandquadraticformswithgrossdomesticproduct,economicstructure,urbanization,andtechnologicalprogressastheinputvariables.Onthebasisofhistoricalannualdatafrom1985to2015,thesimulationresultsindicatethattheproposedmodelhasgreateraccuracyandreliabilitythanconventionaloptimizationmethods.ThepredictedresultsoftheproposedmodelalsodemonstratethatChinawilldemandapproximately4.9,5.6,and6.1billionstandardtonsofcoalequivalentin2020,2025,and2030,respectively.
简介:Althoughchemicalcontrolofpestsincreasescropproduction,itbringsalotofdamagetoenvironmentandhumanhealth.Thereexistanumberofalternativemethodsthatarenotsoharmfultoenvironmentandhumanhealth.However,whetherandhowmuchinextentthesetechnologiesadoptedareplausibledependsonthecomparisonofbenefit-costbetweenchemicalcontrolandthealternativecontrolmethods(suchasIntegratedPestManagement,IPM)andfarmers'willingness-to-pay(WTP)forenvirormentandhumanhealth.Usingcontingentvaluationmethod(CVM),theauthorinvestigatesfarmers'WTPforenvironmentandhumanhealth,recognizesthefactorsinfluencingWTP,andaccordinglypointsouttheimportanceofpestcontroltechnologyextensionandgovernmentregulationofpesticides.
简介:Chinaachievedmajorprogressinlow-carbondevelopmentduringtheperiodofthe11thFiveYearPlan(2006-2010).Theincreasingtrendofenergyintensityandcarbonintensityoftheeconomyasseenpriorto2005wasreversedtoasharpdecreasingtrend,leadingtoa19%decreaseinenergyintensityand21%decreaseincarbonintensityinfiveyears.Theenhancedenergyefficiency,mostlyduetoefficiencyimprovementinpowerandmanufacturingsector,isthemajordriverofthedecreaseincarbonintensityoftheeconomy.Thedevelopmentofrenewableenergy,despiteitsimpressivegrowthrate,playedaminorrolebecauseofitssmallshareintheenergymixofthecountry.Energycon-sumptionandenergy-relatedcarbonemissionsperunitofareainbuildingcontinuedtogrowatalesserrate,which,combinedwiththefastgrowthoftotalbuildingvolume,ledtofastgrowthintotalenergyconsumptionandcarbonemissionsinthesector.Similartrendisobservedinthetransportationsectorwhosetotalenergyuseandcarbonemissionscontinuedtogrowfastdespiteslightimprovementinenergyefficiency.Agriculturalenergyuseexperiencedaslightchangeandforestrymadeamajorcontributiontocarbonsinks.Policyandinstitutionalinnovationshelpedbuildasolidsystemofrulesforlow-carbondevelopment.Improvingcosteffectivenessofthesystemremainsamajorchallengeforthenextfiveyearplanperiod.
简介:Inrespondingtoglobalclimatechange,theideaoflow-carboneconomyemergesasthetimesrequire.Developinglow-carboneconomyisbasedontheconstructionoflow-carbonsociety.Thesocalled'two-orientationsociety'(resourcesconservationorientatedsocietyandenvironmentalfriendlyorientatedsociety)istheconcreterepresentationoflow-carbonsocietywithChinesecharacteristics,andanactualactionforChinaindevelopinglow-carboneconomy.Basedonurbanagglomeration,thepaperdiscussesthemeaningofandtheroutetolow-carbonsocietywhichwouldbetterreflecttheintrinsicrequirementsofsuchasociety.
简介:Withpopulationgrowthandincreasingpressureonlandresources,landcarryingcapacity(LCC)andfoodsafetyhavebeenattractinggreatattentionworldwide.Fromthepointofman-grainrelationshipandbyestablishingLCCandlandcarryingcapacityindex(LCCI)models,thisarticlefirstlyanalyzesthespatial-temporaldynamicsofLCCofChinafrom1949to2005atcounty,provincialandnationallevels.Choosing2005asarepresentativeyear,thisarticlethenevaluatestheLCCof264pastoralregions(semipastoralregions),663urbanregionsand592povertystrickenregionsofthecountry.Theresultsshowthat:(1)from1949to2005,withtheincreaseofgrainproduction,theLCCofChinahasbeenimprovedconspicuously,butduetotherapidpopulationgrowth,theproductioncanonlymaintainalowlevelgrainconsumption;(2)overthepast25years(1980-2005),thenumberofpopulationoverloadingprovincesdecreasedfrom23to15andthemangrainrelationshiphasbeenimprovedgradually,butthereweremoreoverloadingprovincesthansurplusprovincesinChina;(3)atcountylevel,therewere1572overloadingcountiesin1980accountingfor68.26%ofthetotalcountiesofthecountryandwherewere649millionpeoplelived,whilein1990,2000and2005,thenumberofoverloadingcountieswere1066,1133and1087respectively,whichshowsthattheman-grainrelationshiphasbeenimprovedobviouslyduringthepast25years;asforspatialdistribution,thesurpluscountiesweremainlyconcentratedinagriculturedevelopedregions,suchasNortheastPlain,NorthChinaPlain,middleandlowerReachesoftheYangtzeRiverPlain,andoverloadingcountiesweremainlylocatedinregionswithpoornaturalenvironmentandlowgrainproductioncapacity,suchasNorthwestChina,TibetanPlateauandLoessPlateauandeconomicallydevelopedurbanregions,suchasBeijing,TianjinandShanghai;(4)animalhusbandryimprovedgreatlytheLCCofpastoralandsemi-pastoralregions,whileurbanregionswereoverloadingforincreasingpopulationpressureandmoreth
简介:Inordertomakefurtherstepsindealingwithclimatechange,Chinaproposedtopeakcarbondioxideemissionsbyabout2030andtomakebesteffortsforthepeakingearly.Thecarbonemissionpeaktarget(CEPT)mustresultinaforcingmechanismonChina’seconomictransition.Thispaper,byfollowingthelogicalorderfrom'researchoncarbonemissionhistory'to'carbonemissiontrendprediction,'from'researchonpathsofrealizingpeak'to'peakrestraintresearch,'providesageneralreviewofcurrentstatusanddevelopmenttrendofresearchesonChina’scarbonemissionanditspeakvalue.Furthermore,thispaperalsoreviewsthebasictheoriesandspecificcasesoftheforcingmechanism.Basedontheexistingachievementsanddevelopmenttrendsinthisfield,thefollowingresearchdirectionsthatcanbefurtherexpandedareputforward.First,fromtheperspectiveoflong-termstrategyofsustainabledevelopment,weshouldanalyzeandconstructtheforcingmechanismofCEPTinareversethinkingway.Second,economictransitionpathsundertheforcingmechanismshouldbesystematicallystudied.Third,byconstructingalarge-scalepolicyevaluationmodel,theemissionreductionperformanceandeconomicimpactofaseriesofpolicymeasuresadoptedduringthetransitionprocessshouldbequantitativelyevaluated.