简介：China’slandinstitutioncanbedefinedbroadlyornarrowly.Byexaminingthebroaddefinitionofthelandinstitution,wefoundthattherewereprerequisite,complementary,andsubstitutionalrelationshipsamongthevarioussystems.Theserelationshipswereverifiedthroughdiscussionofthestructuralevolutionofeachsystem.Basedontheserelationships,threemethodsforquantificationwereusedtomeasuretheregulationintensityandintra-provincialdifferencesineachsystemamong31provinces,municipalities,andautonomousregionsinChinain2014.Thestatisticsanalysisshowsthatprovincesusedtopursueoutstandingperformancesinlandinstitutionbutfewprovincescouldoutperformtheotherprovincesinalltypesofsystems.Thestatisticsresultsalsoindicatethattheprovinceswhichexecutedlandinstitutionearlieroftenholdsignificantadvantagesininstitutionalinnovationsbutitisstillnotclearwhethertheycanmaintaintheadvantages.ThisstudyrecommendsthattheChinesegovernmentshouldimprovetheoverallframeworkofregionallandinstitutionbasedonlandsystems’relationshipsandevolutionarypatterns.Furthermore,thegovernmentshouldoptimizethespatialdistributionofregionallandinstitutionbasedontheintra-provincialdifferencesinland-regulationintensity.

简介：OnSeptember17,2007,China-HollandCDMProject(CleanDevelopmentMechanism)washeldinNanchang,Jiangxi.LeadersfromClimateChangeOfficeofNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission,TheDepartmentofTreatyand

简介：Basedonthetotal-factorenergyefficiencyframework,thispapercalculatesChina'sindustrialenergyefficiencyandCO2emissionsreductionpotentialfrom2000to2009byutilizingthedirectionaldistancefunctionanddataenvelopmentanalysis.Theempiricalresultsshowthat:China'sindustrialoverallenergyefficiencyisrelativelylowerwhiletheemis-sionsreductionpotentialisrelativelygreater,giventheoptimumproductionfrontier.Significantindus-trialdisparitiesofenergyefficiencyandemissionsreductionpotentialexist.Energyefficiencyandemis-sionsreductionpotentialsignificantlyshowdifferenttendenciesofindustrialdynamicvariation.ThispapersuggeststheChinesegovernmentimposedifferentialcarbontaxes,flexiblyutilizecarbonmarketmecha-nism,strengthenenergy-savingtechnologicalR&D,promotetheutilizationofrenewableenergy,andstrengthenenvironmentalsupervisionandregulation,soastoimproveChina'sindustrialenergyefficiencyandreduceCO2emissions.

简介：ThecoreissueforChinatransitiondevelopmentinthenext30yearsistoshiftfromthequantitygrowthmodeltothequalityimprovementmodel.Thepaperintroducestheresearchprogressinthreekeyareasofsustainabledevelopmentstudiessincethe1990s.Itispointedoutthatthereisawell-beingthresh-oldatwhichthemarginutilityofeconomicgrowthforhumanwell-beingwilldecline,thatthereisanecologicallimitbeyondwhichmoreeconomicgrowthintermsofphysicalscalewillbeimpossible,andthatthecreationofhumanwell-beingisrelatednotonlytotheamountbutalsotothestructureandefficiencyofpublicexpenditurefromgovernment.Afteranin-depthdiscussiononfacts,originsandpolicyimplicationsofeachissue,sometheoryandpolicythinkingwithlong-lastingsignificanceareraisedforthetransitiondevelopmentofChina.

简介：Overthepastdecade,theChinesegovernmenthasdevelopedseveralplansregulationsandpolicymeasuresrelatedtothedevelopmentofrenewableenergytechnologiesandhasimplementedaseriesofpilotprojects.ChinesepolicymakershavespentseveralyearsstudyinghowrenewableenergypolicymodelsthathavebeenusedinternationallycouldbeimplementedinChina.Programsarecurrentlyunderwaytoimplementpilotrenewableportfoliostandards,ormandatorymarketshares(MMS)forrenewableenergy,inseveralprovinces.ThispaperexaminestheprimaryinstitutionsthatareinvolvedinpromotingrenewablepoliciesinChina,thestructureofthepoliciesthatcurrentlyarebeingdrafted,andthestatusofthecomplementary,national-levelrenewableenergylawbeingdraftedtoprovidealegalbasisforongoinglocalandnational-levelpolicies.ItthenexaminesthelegalrequirementsforpromotingrenewableenergylegislationundertheChineselaw-makingsystem.Finally,itprovidesrecommendationsfor

简介：Thispaperreviewstheprogressinclimatechangeadaptation(CCA)policiesbothundertheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)andinmajorregionsandcountries,includingtheEUanditsmajormembercountries,theinfluentialdevelopedcountriesintheAsia-Pacificregion,theemergingeconomiesandtheleastdevelopedcountries(LDCs).TheprogressmadeinChinainCCApoliciesisalsoreviewedandcomparedwiththatinothercountries.Finally,goodinternationalpracticesareproposedforChina’spolicydevelopment.Itisfoundthatadaptationhasbeengiventhesamepriorityasmitigationsincethetwenty-firstcenturywithregardtoclimatechange-relatedactions.ThetopicsrelatedtoadaptationintheinternationalclimatechangenegotiationsundertheUNFCCChaveevolvedfrommechanismsforfinanceandtechnologydevelopmentandtransferexclusivelyintheearlystagestoimplementationofpracticaladaptationprogramsandactions.Since2006,majordevelopedanddevelopingcountrieshavefrequentlysetforwardspecificCCApoliciesorgeneralclimatechangepoliciesinvolvingadaptationintheformoflaws,frameworks,strategies,andplans.TheLDCshavealsobeenworkingonNationalAdaptationProgrammesofActionandsubsequentNationalAdaptationPlanswiththesupportfromthefinancialmechanismsundertheUNFCCC.Therefore,globally,ithasbecomeacommonpracticetodevelopnationalorregionalpoliciestoplanandguideCCAactions.Chinahasestablishedclimatechangepoliciesinvolvingadaptationatthenational,regional,andsectoriallevelssince2007.However,thesepolicieshavestronglimitationsintheirknowledgebase,strategicpositioning,contents,andimplementationmechanisms,e.g.lackofasoundknowledgebase,aninternationalperspective,clearresponsibilitiesforpolicyimplementation,andappropriatemonitoringandevaluationmechanisms.ItisrecommendedthatChinashouldfurtherstrengthenitstechnicalcapabilitiesinclimatechangeprojectionsaswellasimpact,vulnerabil

简介：Thispaperdiscussesthebasicconceptandconnotationofpopulationmodernization.TheauthorbrieflyanalyzestheactualityofpopulationmodernizationinChina,givessomeadviceandputsforwardsomemeasures.

简介：Chinaispreparingtoestablishanationwidecarbonmarketin2017,andinordertofacilitatethisgoal,sevenpilotcarbonmarketshavebeenunderstudyforthepastfewyears.ThispapersummarizestheoperationexperienceandchallengesofthesevenpilotcarbonmarketsinChina.Ithasbeenwidelyacceptedthattheessenceofacarbonmarketistosolveenvironmentalproblemsthroughmarketmechanisms,withenvironmentalbenefitbeingthefundamentalpurpose,marketmechanismbeingthekeymeasure,andpoliciesandregulationsbeinganimportantguaranteeforanorderlycarbonmarket.Therefore,thispaperconstructsanevaluationindexsystemcomposedof34detailedsub-indexesinthreedimensions,suchasenvironmentalconstraintforce,marketresourceallocationability,andsupportingpoliciesandfacilitycompleteness.Throughanalyzingtheoperationdatafrom2013to2016,theweightsofthesub-indexesareobtained.Inaddition,thestudyobtainsexperts’opinionsfromover10carbonpermitsexchanges,consultancyfirmsandresearchinstitutionsinChina,andconductsacomprehensiveevaluationonthedevelopmentdegreeofthesevenpilotcarbonmarkets.ResultsshowthatthepilotcarbonmarketsthatincludeprivateSMEsasthecoveredentitiesforemissionscontrolpresentrelativelyhigherenvironmentalconstraintforce.Buttoomanycoveredentitiescouldincreasethedifficultyofmarketperformancemanagement,whilethepilotsthatincludehighenergy-consumingstate-ownedenterprisesastheentitiesforemissionscontroldemonstrateaphenomenonof'highmarketcomplianceratewithlowtradingvolume'.TheresourceallocationcapabilityofChina’scarbonmarkethasnotbeeneffectivelybroughtintoplay,andlowdegreeofmarketparticipationhasbecomeanimportantconstraintfactorformarketdevelopment.Duetothelackoflawsandregulationsatthenationalmacro-level,thelegallybindingforceofthepilotmarketsconstructionisobviouslyinsufficient,andthesupportingpoliciesare

简介：Carbonemissionisthecurrenthotissueofglobalconcern.Howtoassessvariouscontributingfactorsforcarbonemissionisofgreatimportancetofindoutthekeyfactorsandpromotecarbonemissionreduction.Inthispaper,theauthorconstructsanidenticalequationforcarbonemission,basedontheeconomicaggregate,theeconomicstructure,theefficiencyofenergyutilization,thestructureofenergyconsumption,andthecoefficientofcarbonemission;byapplyingtoLMDIdecompositiontechnology,theauthoranalyzesthecarbonemissionofChinafrom1995to2007atindustriallevelandregionallevel.TheresultsshowthattheexpansionofeconomicaggregateisthemainreasonforChina'srapidlyincreasingcarbonemissionandtheincreaseofenergyutilizationefficiencyisthekeyfactorthatcanholdbacktheincreaseofcarbonemission.Inaddition,thechangeofindustrialstructureorregionalstructureandthechangeoftraditionalenergystructurehavelimitedinfluenceonthecarbonemission,andtheirpotentialshavenotyetbeenexploited.Attheendofthispaper,theauthorproposestheeffortsthatChinashouldmaketoreducecarbonemission.

简介：Inthisarticle,wepresentanapplicationofAdaptiveGeneticAlgorithmEnergyDemandEstimation(AGAEDE)optimalmodeltoimprovetheefficiencyofenergydemandprediction.Thecoefficientsofthetwoformsofthemodel(bothlinearandquadratic)areoptimizedbyAGAusingfactors,suchasGDP,population,urbanizationrate,andR&Dinputstogetherwithenergyconsumptionstructure,thataffectdemand.Sincethespuriousregressionphenomenonoccursforawiderangeoftimeseriesanalysisineconometrics,wealsodiscussthisproblemforthecurrentartificialintelligencemodel.ThesimulationresultsshowthattheproposedmodelismoreaccurateandreliablecomparedwithotherexistingmethodsandtheChina’senergydemandwillbe5.23billionTCEin2020accordingtotheaverageresultsoftheAGAEDEoptimalmodel.FurtherdiscussionillustratesthattherewillbegreatpressureforChinatofulfilltheplannedgoalofcontrollingenergydemandsetintheNationalEnergyDemandProject(2014—2020).

简介：DramaticeconomicandsocialchangeshavetakenplaceinJiangyincityduetorapidandunevenurbanizationandindustrialization.Theenvironmentaldegradationhasfolloweddrivenbythesechangessincethe1980's.Withthepressuresandeffectsofenvironmentaldeterioration,thecityhasimplementedenvironmentalmanagementtoholdbackthetrendsofnegativeenvironmentalchanges.Fromtheviewpointofsystems,DPSERisagoodmodelforurbanenvironmentalchangestounderstandthecauses,pressure,state,effect,existingresponsesandfutureactionstrategies.WetookJiangyincity,adevelopedcityinSouthJiangsuprovince,EastChina,asanexample,andanalyzedthecharacteristicsofenvironmentalchangesandurbanresponsesusingDPSERmodel.Someoperationalstrategieshavebeenputforwardtodirectthecityenvironmentalmanagementtowardsasustainableroadstepbystep.

简介：Inrecentyears,China'senergydemandandGreenhousegas(GHG)emissionshavegrownveryfast,quiteanamountofwhichwasexportedasenergyembodiedingoodsininternationaltraderatherthanconsumeddomestically.Startingfromtheconceptofembodiedenergy,basedoninput-outputenergyanalysisapproach,inthispapertheenergyembodiedingoodsininternationaltradeofChinaduringtheperiodfrom2001to2006iscalculated.TheresultsshowthatalthoughChinahasbecomeanetimporterofpetroleumsince1993,Chinaisanetexporterofembodiedenergyduetointernationaltradeingoods.In2002,thetotalamountofenergyembodiedinexportedgoodswasabout410milliontce(tonofcoalequivalent,hereinafterreferredtoas'tce').Eliminatingtheamountofenergyembodiedinimportedgoodsofabout170milliontce,thenetexportofembodiedenergywasabout240milliontce,accountingfor16%oftheaggregateprimaryenergyconsumptionofthatveryyearinChina,andthenetexportofembodiedemissionswasabout150milliontonsofcarbon.WiththerapidgrowthofChina'sinternationaltrade,assumingnostructuralinput-outputchangesofamongsectors,in2006thenetexportofembodiedenergywentuptoabout630milliontce,anincreaseof162%over2002.Inaddition,thispaperalsoanalyzesthepossiblesourcesoferrorincalculation,andalsodiscussesthepolicyimplicationsaccordingtotheresultofthecalculation.

简介：Chinaisexperiencingaprocessofrapidindustrializationandurbanizationatthecostofagriculturallandandenvironment,particularlyinthecostalareas.ThisstudytakesJinanasacasepresentingatime-seriesanalysisofurbanlandexpansionfrom313to2003.TheresultsshowthattheurbanexpansionofJinancitymainlytookplaceinthelast100years,especiallyaftertheeconomicreformin1978.Socialdevelopmentandeconomicgrowth,urbanpopulationgrowthandmigrationpolicieswerefactorsdrivingtheurbanlandexpansion.Urbansprawlresultedinadisappearanceofwetlandsandagreatlossofagriculturalland,andover-pumpingofgroundwaterthatledtodisappearanceofthecity'sfeature,namely"thecityofsprings".

简介：CitiesbasedonminingaredistinctivefromothercitiesinChina.Theirheavydependenceonminerals,arelativelyundiversifiedindustrialstructure,seriouslydamagedecologicalenvironmentandtheratherlowdegreeofopennesshaveallreducedtheircompetitiveness,andseverelyconstrainedandhinderedtheirsustainabledevelopment.Inthispapertheauthorswillstudymining-basedcitiesfromtheperspectiveofsustainabledevelopment,firstbyhavingacriticalreviewoftheirfeatures,andthenbyresearchingintostrategicoptionstosupporttheirsustainabledevelopment.

简介：Bymeansofthedynamicregressionmodel,thispaperanalyzestherelationshipsamongeconomicgrowth,urbanizationandchangesofcultivatedlandinChina,findsthattheratioofcultivatedlandoccupiedbyeconomicgrowthisdecreasingwithsocialandeconomicgrowth.And,basedonthat,somepolicysuggestionsonhowtopromotethesustainableuseofcultivatedlandinChinaareputforward.

简介：Climatechangeandurbanizationissuesarethetwokeyfactorsthatmakehumansliabletobeaffectedbydisasters,whichareoverlappedinurbanagglomeration.ThefivebigurbanagglomerationsofChinawithstrongeconomicpoweraretheimportantenginesfornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopment.However,beinginthesea-landmutualinteractionbeltswithavasthazard-bearingbody,theyareaffectedbysea-landcompounddisasters,andareliabletosufferheavydisasterlosseswithclimatechange.Itissuggestedthatgovernmentdepartmentsconcernedshouldfullyrecognizetheimpactofclimatechangeoncoastalurbanagglomerations,proposestrategiesassoonaspossible,andintegratetheimpactofclimatechangeandadaptationcountermeasuresintothevariouskindsofsocial-economicdevelopmentplansforcoastalurbanregions.

简介：Inthisresearch,theFactorAnalysismodelofmeasuringprovinciallowcarbondevelopmentinChinahasbeenconstructed.Basedondatafrom30provinces,anempiricalstudywasdevelopedtomeasurecomprehensivelowcarbondevelopmentusingtheFactorAnalysismodel(PrincipalComponentsmethodandNormalizedVarimaxRotation).Theresultsrevealthattheprovincialmarksoflowcarbondevelopmentaregenerallylowandonlynineprovinceshavehighmarks(morethan0.80).Theresultsalsoshowsignificantregionaldisparity.TheprovincialmarksoftheeasternregionarehigherthanboththemiddleandwesternprovincesofmainlandChina.Alloftheprovinceswithhighmarks(morethan0.90)arelocatedintheeasternregion,andthosewiththelowestmarks(0.60)arelocatedinthemiddleregion.Furthermore,regionaldisparityinlowcarbondevelopmentfollowsthesamepatternaseconomicdevelopmentinChina.Finally,somesuggestionsfordecision-makersarepresented.

简介：BaliActionPlanprovisionsacknowledgethefactthatdevelopingcountriesarealreadymakingeffortstoreduceemissionsandmovetowardsalowcarbonpathway.TheCopenhagenAccordmentions"Nationallyappropriatemitigationactionsseekinginternationalsupportwillberecordedinaregistryalongwithrelevanttechnology,financeandcapacitybuildingsupport.Thephrase"measurable,reportableandverifiable"wascriticaltotheagreement,andthewayinwhichtheconceptofMRVisreflectedinthepost-2012agreementwillhavesignificantimplicationsfortheeffectivenessofthatagreementforstakeholdersinbothdevelopinganddevelopedcountries.Itisworthlookingforcurrentexamplesofdevelopingcountryprogramsthatcanbemeasured,reportedandverifiedandexamininghowcountriesthemselvescurrentlyundertakemitigationpoliciesandmeasures.ManyofChina’sdomesticpolicieshavebeenineffectforseveralyearsandthusprovideempiricalevidenceforhowsuchprogramscanworkontheground.ThispaperwillhighlighthowMRViscurrentlyapplieddomesticallyinChinaandwillnotmakeanyspecificproposalsfornegotiators;itonlyseekstoinforminternationaldiscussiononhowMRVmightbeappliedinpractice,andthereforewhatprovisionsmightberequiredinaUNFCCCclimateagreement.

简介：AccordingtothelogicprocessofcarbonreductioninChinawhicharisesfromthemeasurementtoreduction,fromreductiontooffsetting,themeasurementofcarbonemissioninthetourismindustrywasthefirstandkeystep.Basedonthelifecycleassessmenttheoryandinput-outputanalysis,thisarticleusedeconomicandenvironmentalmeasurementtechnologies,TheSystemofNationalAccounting(SNA),TourismSatelliteAccount(TSA),SystemofIntegratedEnvironmentandEconomicAccounting(SEEA),andsoon,andbuiltupatop-downcarbonemissionanalysisframeworkforthetourismindustryandestimatedcarbonemissionofthetourismindustryinChinain2007.ThefindingshowedthatthetotalcarbonemissionofthetourismindustryinChinain2007was169.78milliontons,covering2.71%ofcarbonemissionofallindustriesinChinain2007,and2.44%ofthetotalcarbonemissioninChinain2007.ThedirectcarbonemissionofthetourismindustryinChinain2007was73.56milliontons,includingtransportation(50.14milliontons),sightseeing(1.33milliontons),lodging(4.19milliontons),accommodation(4.73milliontons),shopping(8.14milliontons),entertainment(0.67milliontons),communication(0.45milliontons),andothers(3.90milliontons).TheindirectcarbonemissionofthetourismindustryinChinain2007was96.23milliontons,mostlycontributedbycoking,gas,andpetroleumprocessingindustries,transportationandwarehousingindustry,machineryandequipmentmanufacturingindustry,andfoodmanufacturingandtobaccoprocessingindustry,whichcovered57%.

简介：ThepresentpaperanalyzeshistoricallytherelationshipbetweencarbonemissionandeconomicdevelopmentbydifferentstagesthroughadoptingelasticdecouplingmethodsandTapioevaluationcriteriaalongwithacomparisonwiththenationalFiveYearPlans.TheanalysisshowsthattheinfluencingfactorstotherelationshipbetweencarbonemissionandeconomyinChinaaredifferent,andeconomicdevelopmentandcarbonemissionhavelessconnectionintherecent30yearsofreformandopening-upinChina.Itisadifficulttasktorealizethepromisethatwewillreducecarbonemissionby40%-50%in2020basedonthedatafromhistoricalexperienceanddifferentexpectationsforeconomicdevelopmentfromeconomists.Throughconstructingthecalcula-tionmodelofcarbonemissionintensitygapaccordingtodifferentdevelopmentscenarios,theanalysisshowsthateconomicgrowth,infrastructureinvestmentandfurtherdevelopmentofindustrial-izationarethemaindriverstotheincreaseofcarbonemission,technologicalprogress,andparticularly,thereductionofenergyconsumptionistheprimarymeanstoreducecarbonemissioninChina.Itisimperativetotransformtheeconomicgrowthpattern,anditisagrandtasktoperformandthereisalongwaytogoforChinatomaintaineconomicgrowthandreducecarbonintensity.