简介：ThroughanalysisandnumericalcomputationofECMWF’sdiscreteschemeofhydrostaticequation(Baedeetal.1979),ithasbeenfoundthatinthecaseofequal△σthereexistsystematicerrorsinthescheme.TheerrorE(?)causedbytakingthearithmeticmeanofthegeopotentialheightsoftwoadjacenthalfa-levelsasthegeopotentialheightofthecor-respondingintegera-level,increaseswithheightandhasanunacceptablemaximuminthevicinityofthetopoftheat-mosphere;however,theerrorscausedbythetemperaturetreatmentaregenerallysmall.Ontheotherhand,ifanuneven△σ-schemeinwhichthelevelsintheupperandloweratmospherearedenserthanthoseinthemiddleatmosphere,isadopted,thenE(?)canbemuchreduced.However,iftheresolutionoftheoriginalequalArt-schemedoubles,thenE(?)canonlybefoundtobemuchreducedinthetroposphereandthatinthevicinityoftheatmospherictopisstillunacceptable.Twonumericalschemesforimprovementhavebeenpresented.OfthemoneisthesameastheECMWF’sscheme,butwithequal△lnσ,andtheotheristointegratetheequationbytheuseofTschebyscheffpolynomialsTandtoadoptthezerosofTNastheatmosphericlevelswhereNisthetotalnumberoflevels.Theresultsshowthatwithbothschemesthecomputationalerrorscanbemuchreduced,especiallythelatter,duetothefactthattheerrorsofthreestatisticaltypesaregenerallylessthantherootmeansquareerrorofthegeopotentialheightsreportedinTEMP.

简介：张代洲，唐孝炎，秦瑜，岩坂泰信，盖秀贞ＴｅｓｔｓｆｏｒｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌＳｕｌｆａｔｅ－ＣｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇＰａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｉｎＵｒｂａｎＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅｉｎＢｅｉｊｉｎｇ￥ＺｈａｎｇＤａｉｚｈｏｕ；ＴａｎｇＸｉａｏｙａｎ（Ｃｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒ...

简介：云在红外线的发光传播上有重要效果因为在数据吸收的云效果的包括不能仅仅极大地改进吸收大气的参数的质量，而且由调整红外线的发光数据的部分最小化云参数的起始的错误。根据Grapes-3D-var(全球、地区性的吸收和预言提高了系统)，云液体水，云冰水和云盖子在吸收作为管理变量被增加。在晴朗天空，部分多云的盖子和完全多云的盖子的条件下面，16条MODIS隧道的亮度温度在理想的测试分别地被吸收。结果看那模仿的背景亮度温度什么时候比观察低，分析的地将由增加它的温度并且减少它的潮湿，云液体水，云冰水，和云增加模仿的亮度温度盖子。如果调整在矛盾的方向被做，模仿的亮度温度能被减少。在晴朗天空条件下面的温度和特定的湿度的调整一致很好到MODIS的设计隧道，而是它在云层下面为层次被削弱。理想的测试由同时作为在红外线的发光的吸收期间管理变量增加云参数和大气的参数表明那，云参数和大气的参数能用观察红外线的发光和常规气象学的元素被调整充分利用红外线的观察。

简介：Basedontheexistingland-surfaceschemesandmodels,animprovedLand-surfaceProcessModel(LPM-ZD)hasbeendeveloped.Ithasthefollowingmajorcharacteristics:(1)Thecombinationofphysicalequationsandempiricalanalyticalformulaeareusedtoconstructthegoverningequationsofsoiltemperatureandmoisture.Higherresolutionofmodellevelandphysicalequationsareadoptedfortheuppersoillayers,andforthelowersoillayers,lowerresolutionofmodellevelisadoptedandempiricalanalyticalformulaeareused.(2)Inlandsurfacehydrologicalprocess,thesub-griddistributionofrainfallanditseffectsaretakenintoaccount.(3)Asimplesnowcoversubmodelhasbeenused,whichincludeseffectsofsnowcoveronsoilthermodynamicsandhydrology,aswellasalbedo.Byuseofthismodelandthreegroupsofpointobservationdata,aseriesof“off-line”testshavebeencarriedout.Thesimulationresultsindicatethatland-surfaceprocessmodelhasgoodperformanceandcanwellsimulatediurnalandseasonalvariationoflandsurfaceprocessesformanykindsoflandsurfacecovers(forest,grass,cropsanddesert)indifferentclimatezone.Theresultssimulatedbythemodelareconsistentwiththeobservations.Later,byuseofonegroupofobservationdataandthemodel,aseriesofsensitivityexperimentshavebeendone.Itisshownthatthemodelismuchsensitivetosomeparameters,suchasinitialsoilmoisture,vegetationphysicalparametersaswellastheproportionofthegridcoveredwithrain.Thereforeitismuchimportantforland-surfaceprocessmodeltodefinetheseparametersasaccuratelyaspossible.