简介：Ozoneisagreenhousegas.Ozoneabsorptioncrosssectionshavebeenreportedwithdiscrepanciesandinconsistencies.Inthispaper,simultaneouseffectsoftheopticalpathlengthandtemperaturevariationsonozonegasabsorptioncrosssectionsareinvestigatedatdifferentwavelengths.HITRAN2012,thelatestavailablelinelistonspectralcalc.comsimulator,isusedinthisstudytosimulateozonegasabsorptioncrosssectionsinrelationtothesimultaneouseffectsoftheopticalpathlengthandtemperatureatthewavelengthsof603nmand575nm.Resultsobtainedforgascellswiththeopticalpathlengthfrom10cmto120cmshowthatthedecreaseintemperaturesfrom313Kto103Kresultsintheincreaseinozonegasabsorptioncrosssections.Atwavelengthsof603nmand575nm,thepercentageincreaseofozonegasabsorptioncrosssectionsis1.22%and0.71%,respectively.Resultsobtainedinthisstudyshowthatinthevisiblespectrum,atconstantpressure,ozonegasabsorptioncrosssectionsaredependentonthetemperatureandwavelengthbutdonotdependontheopticalpathlength.Analysisinthisworkaddressesdiscrepanciesinozonegasabsorptioncrosssectionsinrelationtothetemperatureinthevisiblespectrum;thus,theresultscanbeappliedtogetoptimalconfigurationofhighaccuracyozonegassensors.

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简介：Twenty-oneyearsaftermalariaantigenswerefirstclonedavaccinestillappearstobealongwayoff.Therehavebeenperiodsofgreatexcitementandinmodelsystemssubunitvaccinehomologuescaninducerobustprotection.However,significantchallengesexistconcerningantigenicvariationandpolymorphism,immunologicalnon-respons-ivenesstoindividualvaccineantigens,parasite-inducedapoptosisofimmuneeffectorandmemorycellsandimmunedeviationasaresultofmaternalimmtmityandalterationsofdendriticcellfunction.

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简介：ThedramaticchangesintheArcticclimatesystemduringrecentdecadesareoneofthemostprominentfeaturesofglobalclimatechange.Twomoststrikingandfundamentalcharacteristicsaretheamplifiednear-surfacewarmingataratetwicetheglobalaveragesincethemid20thcentury（e.g.,BlundenandArndt,2012;Huangetal.,2017）,andtherapiddeclineofsea-iceextentatapaceof12.9%（10yr）-landthinningoficethicknessby40%since1979（e.g.,KwokandRothrock,2009;Meieretal.,2012）.Inconjunctionwiththesechanges,thefrequencyofoccurrenceofextremeclimateandweathereventshasostensiblyincreasedacrosstheNorthernHemispheremid-latitudes,includingadversecoldspells,severeheatwaves,destructivefloods,andpersistentdroughts（e.g.,CoumouandRahmstorf,2012）.ThefactthatArcticclimatechangeshavecoincidedwithanincreaseinthefrequencyofoccurrenceofextremeeventshasinspiredbroadinterestinpossiblelinkages--notonlyintheclimatecommunity,butalsothegeneralpublic,mediaagencies,anddecisionmakers--inparticularconsideringtheprojectedfuturecontinuationandaccelerationofArcticwarmingandsea-icedecline（e.g.,ZhangandWalsh,2006;Zhang,2010;Stroeveetal.,2012;WangandOverland,2012）.

简介：Thispaperpresentsresultsoftheassessmentonbenefitsharingandpaymentmechanismstestedbysixnon-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)-pilotedReducingEmissionsfromDeforestationandForestDegradation(REDD+)initiativesinTanzania.ResultsfromtheassessmentindicatethatmodelsappliedbymostoftheREDD+pilotprojectshaveprovidedmostofdecisionsforthedistributionofbenefitstothecommunitiesthroughvillagegeneralassemblies.Basedonrequirementsofthetestedmodels,nationalbenefit-sharingmechanismmodelsareproposed.Majorattributestobeconsideredinthedevelopmentofnationalbenefit-sharingmodelsshouldinclude:(i)ensuringthattheexistinggovernmentstructureisnotexcludedtoensuresustainability;(ii)villagegeneralassemblyisinvolvedindeterminingthedistributionofthebenefitsaccrued;and(iii)transparencyinhandlingthecarbonfinanceisensured.ModelsthatareproposedforthenationalREDD+benefitsharingapplytotwoforestmanagementsystems,namelyJointForestManagement(JFM)andCommunityBasedForestManagement(CBFM).ThepaperrecommendstestingofthetwoproposedmodelstodeterminewhethertheycouldbeusefulinsharingbenefitsresultingfromREDD+inTanzania.

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简介：Inthisreviewpaper,weintroduceaself-phasecontrolledstimulatedBrillouinscatteringphaseconjugatemirror(SCSBS-PCM)andtheKumganglaser.TheSC-SBS-PCMwasproposedanddemonstrateditssuccessattheacademiclowpowerlevel,~100mJ@10Hz.TheKumganglaserisunderdevelopmenttoverifywhethertheSC-SBS-PCMisoperableatthekWlevel.Itisa4kWbeamcombinationlasercombiningfour1kWbeamsusingtheSC-SBS-PCM.IftheKumganglaserfunctionssuccessfully,itwillbethemostimportantsteptowardsaDreamlaser,ahypotheticallaserwithunlimitedpowerandahighrepetitionrate.

简介：Effectsonsustainabledevelopmentofclimatechangehavebeengoingfurthernowadays.NationalFiveYearDevelopmentPlaninChinashouldhavespecificpoliciesonhowtotakeclimatechangeimpactsintoaccountthroughtheenvironmentalplanning.Keyfieldsdistributeinthreelevelsofnaturalbearingcapacity,productionsystemandhumansettlements,andincludesevenaspects:ecosystems,waterresources,disastersandrisks,low-carboneconomy,vulnerabledepartments,urbanization,andcoastland.

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简介：Anewdinudeatingligandconsistingofatetraphanylporphyrinderivativecovalentlylinkedwithtris(2-benzimidazylmethyl)-amineanditshomodinudearCo-CoandheterodinnelearCo-Cucomplexesweresynthesizedandspectroscopicallycharacter-ized.Theheterobimetalliecobalt-coppercomplexbearingthreebenzimidazoleligandsforcopper,ascytochromecoxidaseac-tivesitemodel,wasappliedtothesurfaceofglassycarbonelec-trodetoshowelectrocatalytieactivityforO2reductioninaque-oussolutionatanaddityleveldosetophysiologicalpHvalue.Thekineticparametersofthiselectrocatalyticprocesswereob-tained.

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简介：Uptothisdate,researchersarestillfacingdifficultiestoexpandthetechnologyofdirectmethanolfuelcells(DMFCs)becauseofthehighoverpotentialrequiredtooxidizethemethanolanditsrelativelypoorperformanceduetoCOpoisoningoftheleading-highcostanodecatalyst.Inlinewiththis,wehavesuccessfullymodifiedthemorphologicalstructureandcompositionoflowcostcobaltbased-metaloxides,MCo2O4(M=ZnandNi),withthesimpleandnobleuseofpolyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)asgrowthmodifierandsurfacestabilizerduringthesynthesisofnanoparticlesinourpreviousreports,whichshownhighelectrocatalyticactivityandstrongstability.DuetothegoodperformanceofourPVPmodifiedMCo2O4towardspseudocapacitorandoxygenevolutionreactionapplications,wedecidedtoextendourresearchstudytomethanoloxidationreaction.Remarkably,PVPmodifiedNiCo2O4electrodedirectlygrownonnickelfoamsubstrateviaasimplehydrothermalprocessexhibitedbetterperformancecomparedwithPVPmodifiedZnCo2O4andNiCo2O4withoutPVP.Ithadobtainedaremarkablylowonsetpotentialof0.285Vandhighcurrentdensityof280mAcm-2,andshowngreatstabilityandhighpoisontoleranceduringacontinuousCVcyclingandChronoamperometrytest,whichattainedhighefficiencyof86.86%and98.52%,respectively.ThesepositiveresultsofPVPmodifiedNiCo2O4electrodetowardsMORmightbeattributedtoitshierarchical3Dnanostructureswithhighlymesoporoussurfaceandlargesurfaceareawhichmayhaveprovidednumerouselectroactivesites,andtheexceptionalcorrosionstabilityofNiCo2O4electrodeinalkalinesolution.