由2010年高考英语谈阅读理解主旨大意题

由2010年高考英语谈阅读理解主旨大意题

蒋玉强

蒋玉强

通过研究2010年各省市高考英语试题，笔者发现阅读理解部分的考查题型集中表现为对主旨大意、推理判断、细节理解、词义猜测等题型的考查，下面笔者专门就解题技巧性较强的主旨大意题型做一分析与归纳。

主旨大意题一般是要求考生归纳文章或段落的中心大意(mainidea)，为文章选择标题（title)，判断作者的写作目的（purpose)等等。在2010年全国各省市高考英语试题中，大致有15套试题对主旨大意题进行了考查，其中涉及主旨大意的题目共有30余道。

一、主旨大意题的题干表现形式

1.主题型主旨大意题

Thispassage/textismainlyabout___.（2010江西卷E篇，75；2010安徽卷E篇，75）

WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeAndy’sescapefromthebees?（2010江西卷A篇，59）

Whatisthetextmainlyabout？（2010全国卷IB篇，59/C篇，63）

Whatisthemainideaofthepas-sage?（2010浙江卷C篇，52）

Whatdoesthepassage（text）mainlydiscuss?（2010江西卷D篇，71；

2010全国卷玉D篇，67）

Whatdoesthistextmainlytalkabout?（2010全国卷域C篇，50）

Whatdoesthefourthparagraphmainlytalkabout?（2010四川卷C篇，51）

whatisthethemeofthestory?（2010湖北卷A篇，54）

Whatisthemessagemainlyexpressedinthestory?（2010重庆卷A篇，59）

2.目的类主旨大意题

Themainpurposeofthetextisto___.（2010安徽卷D篇，71）

Whatisthe(main)purposeofthis(the)text(passage)?（2010四川卷B篇，48/C篇，52；2010重庆卷E篇，75）

Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?（2010湖北卷E篇，70）

Theauthorintendsto___.（2010福建卷B篇，62）

Thepurposeofthememoisto___.（2010福建卷D篇，71）

Thepassageismeant/intendedto...3.标题类主旨大意题

Thebesttitleforthetextwouldbe___.（2010安徽卷A篇，59）

Whichofthefollowingis(mightbe)thebesttitleforthepassage?（2010广东卷B篇，50;2010江苏卷D篇，70；2010上海卷C篇，75）

Whichofthefollowingcan(would)bethebesttitleofthistext/forthepassage?（2010四川卷A篇，44；2010重庆卷D篇，71）

Whatcan(would)bethebesttitleforthe(this)text(passage)?（2010湖南卷C篇，70；2010福建卷B篇，63；2010全国卷IIB篇，49；2010辽宁卷

C篇，67；2010天津卷D篇，55）

Whichisthebestpossibletitleofthepassage?（2010湖北卷C篇，62）

What’sthebestheadlineforthenewspaperarticle?

二、主旨大意题解题技巧

1.运用略读法迅速浏览全文，特别注意文章的首句、尾句，或各段落的首句和尾句。

2.找准主题句。主题句通常是在一个段落的段首或段尾,偶尔在段落的中间。有的文章无明显的主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中。

3.任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，文章中往往会反复出现某个中心词，即高频词，也称主题词。抓住主题词，对于理解文章的主旨大意会很有帮助。

请看下列例文院

Sample1

Boston--Thievesdressedaspo-liceenteredamuseumearlySundayand

stole11paintings,includingmajorworksbyRembrandt,Dagas,ManetandVermerr,FBI(美国联邦调查局)andthemuseumofficialssaid.

Thefirstjudgmentplacedvalueofatleast$100millionontheworksstolenfromtheIsabellaGardenerMuseum,saidBostonpolicespokes-manJimTordan

...

WilliamBobinson,ofHardvardUnivercity’sFoggelMuseum,calledtheobjectsstolen“majorworks.”

Whatisthebestheadlineforthisnewspaperarticle?

A.ATheftTookPlaceinBoston

B.ArtworksStolenbyThieves

C.MajorWorks

D.InvestigationintotheTheft【答案】B【点拨】

Sample1的主题句在文首（见划线部分）。文章的结构为先点出主题，然后围绕主题做具体的陈述。在议论文、说明文、科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种形式。

Sample2

Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatele-visionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlyattractyourattention:“ColorTV,only$79.Two-daysale.Hurry.”However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy,youmaydiscoverthattheadvertisedsetsaresoldout.Butthesalesmanisquicktoreassureyouthathehasanothermodel,amorereliablesetwhichis“justrightforyou.”Itcosts$359.Thissalestacticiscalled“baitandswitch.”Buyersarebaitedwithasalesoffer,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermorecostlyitem.Buyingitemsonsalerequirescarefulconsiderationofthemerchandise（商品）andthereasonsforthesale.

What’sthepurposeofthisarti-cle?

A.Thecustomermustbeonhisguardwhenpurchasingitemsonsale.

B.Colortelevisionsetswhichsellfor$79aresoldoutquickly.

C.Manystoresusethe“baitandswitch”techniquetoattractcustomers.

D.Anyoneplanningtobuyatele-visionsetshouldlookforasale.【答案】A【点拨】

Sample2的主题句在文尾(见划线部分)。作者首先摆出事实依据，经过层层推理，最后得出结论，即文章的主题。

Sample3

ThegovernmentofIndiaencour-agesmarriedmenandwomentobester-ilizedsotheycannothavemorechil-dren.InChina,familiescanbepun-ishedforhavingmorethanonechild.Bothofthesecountrieshaveverylargepopulations,andifthenumberofpeoplecontinuestoincrease,therewillnotbeenoughfood,houses,orjobsforthepeople.Asaresult,India,China,andotherpopulouscountriesarefollowingafamily-planningpolicy--theywantfamiliestolimitthenumberofchildrentheywillhave.Teachers,doctors,andsocialworkersareexplainingtothepeo-plewhytheyshouldhavefewerchildrenbyusingbirthcontrolmethods.

Whichstatementbestexpress-esthemainideaoftheparagraph?

A.Somepopulouscountriesarefollowingafamily-planningpolicy.

B.IndiaandChinahaveverylargepopulations.

C.ThegovernmentofIndiaen-couragessterilization.

D.Inchina,familiescanbepunishedforhavingmorethanonechild.【答案】A【点拨】

Sample3的主题句在文章的中间部分（见划线部分）。此种文章结构通常是先提出问题，然后给予回答（主题句）或是点出主题思想（主题句），最后给予解释或阐述。

Sample4

Inthe1930s,alotofpeopleintheUSAwereoutofwork.AmongthesepeoplewasamannamedAlfredButts.Healwayshadaninterestinwordgamesandtofillhistimeheplannedagamewhichhecalled“Lexico”.However,hewasnotcompletelysatisfiedwiththegame,sohemadeanumberofchangestoitandchangeditsnamefrom“Lexico”to“Alph”andthento“CrissCross”.Hewantedtomakesomemoneyfromhisnewgamebuthedidn’thaveanyrealcommercial(商业性的)success.

Thetextismainlyabout___.

A.LexicoB.Threemen

C.AwordgameD.AlfredButts【答案】C【点拨】

Sample4中无明显的主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，须从文中归纳要点，抓住文章大意，特别应注意文中多次出现的高频词或主题词。

另外，在解答主旨大意题时还应遵循“精、忠、全”的原则院“精”是指用精

炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想；“忠”是指必须忠实于原文，不能凭空想象，随意揣测；“全”是指要排除掉那些片面表达文章大意的选项，而选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项。

【链接高考】

下面结合2010年高考英语试题，分类例析主旨大意题的解题方法和技巧。

1.主题句在文首

（2010辽宁卷，C篇）

ToomuchTV-watchingcanharmchildren’sabilitytolearnandevenreducetheirchancesofgettingacollegedegree,newstudiessuggestinthelatestefforttoexaminetheeffectsoftelevisiononchildren.

Oneofthestudieslookedatnearly400northernCaliforniathird-graders.ThosewithTVsintheirbedroomsscoredabouteightpointsloweronmathandlanguageartsteststhanchildrenwithoutbedroomTVs.

Asecondstudy,lookingatnearly1000grown-upsinNewZealand,foundlowereducationlevelsamong26-year-oldswhohadwatchedlotsofTVduringchildhood.Buttheresultsdon’tprovethatTVisthecauseanddon’trideoutthatalreadypoorlymotivatedyoungsters（年轻人）maywatchlotsofTV.

TheirstudymeasuredtheTVhabitsof26-year-oldsbetweenages5and15.ThesewithcollegedegreeshadwatchanaverageoflessthantwohoursofTVperweekcomparedwithanniagvhetradguerionfgmcohrieldthhoaond,212hoursforthosewhohadnoeducationbeyondhighschool.

IntheCaliforniastudy,childrenwithTVsintheirroomsbutnocomputerathomescoredthelowestwhilethosewithnobedroomTVbutwhohadhomecomputersscoredthehighest.

WhilethisstudydoesnotprovethatbedroomTVsetscausedthelowerscores,itaddstoaccumulatingfindingsthatchildrenshouldn’thaveTVsintheirbedrooms.

67.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthistext?

A.ComputersorTelevision

B.EffectsofTelevisiononChil-dren

C.StudiesonTVandCollegeEd-ucation

D.TelevisionandChildren’sLearn-ingHabits【答案】B【点拨】

主题型主旨大意题。主题句出现在文章第一段（见划线部分）。通读全文可知，文章主要通过两项研究分析了看电视对儿童学习能力及受教育水平所造成的影响。

2.主题句在文尾

（2010重庆卷，E篇）

Humansarenaturallydrawntooth-erlifeformsandtheworldsoutsideofourown.Wetakedelightintheexis-tenceofcreaturesandevenwholesoci-PDF文LookattheeffortsthatscientistshavemadetofindoutwhetherlifeofsomekindexistsonMars,andthepopularityoffantasy(幻想)literatureormovieslikeTheLordoftheRings.Thissenseofwonderdrawsustoeachother,totheworldaroundus,andtotheworldofmake-believe.Buthavewegonesofarincreatingworldsoffantasythatweare

missingthepleasureofotherworldsthatalreadyexistallaroundus?

Humanbeings,asbiologistshavesuggested,possessaninborndesiretoconnectwithandunderstandotherlifeforms.However,people,especiallyinbigcities,oftenleadratherisolatedlives.InastudyofBritishschoolchildren,itwasfoundthatchildrenbyageeightweremuchmorefamiliarwithcharactersfromtelevisionshowsandvideogamesthanwithcommonwildlife.Withoutmodemtechnology,asmallpondcouldbeanamazingworldfilledwithstrangeandbeautifulplants,insects,birds,andanimals.Whenwelackmeaningfulinter-action(交互)withtheworldaroundus,andsometimesevenwithourfamiliesandfriends,weseektounderstandandcommunicatewiththingsthatexistonlyinourimaginationsoronacomputerscreen.

Theworldofmake-believeisnotnecessarilybad.Butwhentheworldoffantasybecomestheonlyoutlet(出路)foroursenseofwonder,thenwearereallymissingsomething.Wearemissingaconnectionwiththelivingworld.Otherwonderfulworldsexistallaroundus.Butevenmoreinterestingisthatifwelookcloselyenough,wecanseethattheseworlds,inabroadsense,arereallypartofourown.

75.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

A.Toshowusthehiddenbeautyinourworld.

B.Towarnusnottogetlostinthefantasyworld.

C.Toargueagainstthemisuseofthesenseofwonder.

D.Todiscusstheinfluenceoftheworldofmake-believe.

【答案】B【点拨】

目的类主旨大意题。主题句在文章最后一段（见划线部分）。本文讲述人类对于外部世界和外来生命的探索（如火星上的生命存在问题）已经远远超出了其行为的本身。作者写这篇文章的目的就是要提醒人类不要沉迷在幻想的世界之中。

3.主题句贯穿全文

（2010福建卷，B篇）

ForgetTwitterandFacebook,GoogleandtheKindle.Televisionisstillthemostinfluentialmediumaround.Indeed,formanyofthepoorestregions(地区)oftheworld,itremainsthenextbigthing--finallybecomesgloballyavailable.Andthatisagoodthing,becausetheTVrevolutionischanginglivesforthebetter.

Acrossthedevelopingworld,around45%offamilieshadaTVin1995;by2005thenumberhadclimbedabove60%.ThatissomewaybehindtheU.S.,wherearemoreTVsthanpeople,andwherepeoplenoweasilygetaccesstotheInternet.Fivemillionmorefamiliesinsub-SaharanAfricawillgetaTVoverthenextfiveyears.In2005,afterthefalloftheTaliban（塔利班）,whichhadoutlawedTV,1in5Afghanshadone.Theglobaltotalisanother150millionby2013--pushingthenumberstowellbeyondtwothirdsoffamilies.

Television’smostpowerfuleffectwillbeonthelivesofwomen.InIndia,researchersRobertJensenandEmilyOsterfoundthatwhenTVsreachedvillages,womenweremorelikelytogotothemarketwithouttheirhusbands’approvalandlesslikelytowantaboyratherthanagirl.Theyweremorelikelytomakedecisionsoverchildhealthcare.TVisalsoapowerfulmediumforadulteducation.IntheIndianstateofGujarat,ChitrageetisapopularshowthatplaysBollywoodsongswithwordsinGujarationthescreen.Withinsixmonths,viewershadmadeasmallbutsignificant(有意义的)improvementintheirreadingskills.

ToomuchTVhasbeenassociatedwithviolence,overweightandloneliness.However,TVishavingapositiveinflu-enceonthelivesofbillionsworldwide.

62.Theauthorintendsto___.

A.stresstheadvantagesofTVtopeople’slives

B.persuadewomentobecomemoreindependent

D.introducethereaderssomewebsitessuchasGoogle

C.encouragepeopletoimprovetheirreadingskills

【答案】A【点拨】

目的类主旨大意题。全文叙述了作者对于电视的看法，意欲强调电视在世界范围内对人们的生活起着积极的作用。

63.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.TVWillRuletheWorld

B.TVWillDisturbtheWorld

C.TVWillBettertheWorld

D.TVWillRemaininWorld

【答案】C【点拨】

标题类主旨大意题。由文章第一段第二句“Televisionisstillthemostinfluentialmediumaround.”及第三段第一句“Television’smostpowerfuleffectwillbeonthelivesofwomen.”及文章最后一段第二句“However,TVishavingapositiveinfluenceonthelivesofbillionsworldwide.”可知，本文主要讲的是电视将会让人们的生活越来越好。C选项涵盖了文章的中心内容，恰如其分地表达了文章的主旨大意。由此可知应选C项。rule统治，disturb妨碍，含贬义，remain仍然是，仍存在，均体现不出电视对人类社会的积极影响，与主题不符。

4.无明显主题句，但有高频信息词

(2010安徽卷，E篇)

Theneedtofeedagrowingpopula-tionisputtingmuchpressureontheworld’ssupplyofwater.With97%oftheworld’swatertoosaltytobedrunkorusedinagriculture,theworldwidesupplyofwaterneedscarefulmanagement,especiallyinagriculture,Althoughtheideaofawatershortage(短缺)seemsstrangetosomeonefortunateenoughtoliveinahighrainfallcountry,manyoftheworld’sagriculturalindustriesexperi-enceconstantwatershortages.

Althoughdamscanbebuilttostorewaterforagriculturaluseindryar-easanddryseasons,thecostsofwaterredistribution(重新分配)areveryhigh.Notonlyistherethecostoftheengi-neeringitself,butthereisalsoanenvi-ronmentalcosttobeconsidered.Wherevalleys(山谷)arefloodedtocreatedams,housesarelostandwildlifehomesdestroyed.Besides,watermayfloweasilythroughpipestofields,butitcannotbe

transportedfromonesideoftheworldtotheother.Eachcountrymustthereforerelyonthemanagementofitsownwatertosupplyitsfarmingrequirements.

Thisisparticularlytroublingforcountrieswithagriculturalindustriesinareasdependentonirrigation(灌溉).InTexas,farmers’overuseofirrigationwaterhasresultedina25%reductionofthewaterstores.IntheCentralValleyareaofsouthwesternUSA,ahugewater

engineeringprojectprovidedwaterforfarmingindryvalleys,butmuchofthewaterusehasbeenpoorlymanaged.

SaudiArabia’sattemptstogrowwheatindesertareashaveseenthepumpingofhugequantitiesofirrigation（灌溉）waterfromundergroundreserves.Becausethereisnorainfallintheseareas,suchreservescanonlydecrease,anditisbelievedthatfiftyyearsofpumpingwillseethemrundry.75.Thetextismainlyabout___.

A.watersupplyandincreasingpopulation

B.waterusemanagementandagri-culture

C.waterredistributionandwildlifeprotection

D.watershortagesandenviron-mentalprotection

【答案】B【点拨】

主题型主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了世界可用淡水资源的匮乏及对农业的影响。文章的前面部分主要是讲述农业在利用水资源过程中存在的一些问题，后面接下来是介绍加强水资源管理的方法和措施。文中多次出现的信息词（见划线部分）有院agriculture，man-agement，agricultural，overuseofirriga-tionwater，wateruse，managed等，在四个选项中，只有选项B的内容与文章主题最为接近，并且含有高频信息词，故选B项。

5.没有明显的主题句和高频词，要根据全文来总结主旨大意

（2010四川卷，C篇）

AlexLondonResearchLaboratory(ALRL)ispartofAlexCo.,Ltd.,amajorAustralianmedicine-makingcompany.Openedin1992,ALRLspecialisesin

thedevelopmentofnewmedicinesforthetreatmentofheartdiseases.

ApositionisnowopenforaResearchOperationsManager(ROM)to

supportourgrowingresearchteamatthenewlaboratoriesinHatfield，duetoopenintheautumnof2010.

ReportingtotheDirector，youwillhelpsetupandrunthetechnicalandscientificsupportservicesofournewlaboratoriesnowunderconstructionYouwillbeexpectedtoprovideexpertknowledgeaboutandbeinchargeofallareasofALRL’SHealthandSafety，andtocommunicate(沟通)withsupportemployeesatALRL’SlaboratoriesbasedatUniversityCollegeLondonWorkingcloselywithscientistsandotheropera-tionsandtechnicalemployees,youwillmanageasmallnumberofresearchsupportemployeesprovidingservicestohelpwiththeresearchactivitiestobe

carriedoutatthenewlaboratories.

Candidates(申请人)willhaveex-perienceofbothmanagementandre-searchsupport/technicalservicesKnowledgeofresearchoperationsandexcellentcommunicationskillsarenec-essary.Educationtodegreelevelisalsodesirable.

Ifyouareinterestedinthisposi-tion，pleasesendyourCV(简历)toAlexLondonResearchLaboratory,UniversityCollegeLondon,Hatfield,London,W1E6B7orbyemailtoALRL@alex.co.uk.

FormoreInformation.pleasevisitwww.alex.co.uk.

51.Whatdoesthefourthparagraphmainlytalkabout?

A.Thetechnicalskillsofawould-beROM.

B.Thepracticalexperienceofawould-beROM.

C.Thepersonalinformationofawould-beROM.

D.Thenecessaryrequirementsforawould-beROM.

【答案】D【点拨】

主题型主旨大意题。依据第四段提供的信息院申请人要有管理和技术服务方面的经验、研究操作的知识及极好的交际技能等，由此得出本段主要谈及对应聘职位者的具体能力要求。

52.Whatisthepurposeofthetext?

A.TodescribethejobofaROM.

B.ToprovideinformationaboutALRL.

C.ToannounceanopenpositionatALRL.

D.Tomakeknowntheopeningofthenewlaboratories.

【答案】C【点拨】

目的类主旨大意题。本篇文章为