李外芬(云南省红河州蒙自市第一高级中学云南省蒙自市661199)
中图分类号:G623.24文献标识码:A文章编号:ISSN1001-2982(2019)09-210-02
非谓语动词是高中英语教学的重点,也是高考英语历年考查的热点和重点语法项目,但因其蕴含形式多变,用法繁杂等特征,学生们在实际学习时对于非谓语动词的理解和掌握程度还远远不够,对于非谓语动词的用法也没有系统梳理和总结。要想快速准确地做好此类题目,必须在掌握好非谓语动词的基本形式、充分了解非谓语动词的特点、对非谓语动词的考点了然于胸的情况下,通过有效的策略和技巧来解题。本文从非谓语动词应掌握的内容入手,以近两年全国卷的语法填空为例,阐述四表四步解非谓语动词的题。
一、非谓语动词的内容
1.非谓语动词的概念
非谓语动词,顾名思义,就是动词的各种形式在句子中不充当谓语,而是用作其他句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语、状语等。非谓语动词有不定式、过去分词和V-ing。
Theywenttotheparkand_______(sing)alltheway.(谓语:sung)
Theywenttothepark,____________(sing)alltheway.(非谓语:singing)
2.非谓语动词的时态和语态
1)不定式的形式(以write为例)
主动被动
一般式towritetobewritten
进行式tobewriting/
完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten
2)V-ing
及物动词write不及物动词(以go为例)
主动语态被动语态主动语态
一般式writingbeingwrittengoing
完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwrittenhavinggone
3)过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。
________(watch)TV,hewasdoinghishomework.(Watching)
(watch与do同时进行)
________(finish)hishomework,hewenthome.(Havingfinished)
(finish发生在gohome之前)
Themeeting__________(hold)tomorrowisimportant.(tobeheld)
(由tomorrow可知,hold发生在将来,同时与Themeeting的关系表被动)
Istillremember__________(take)totheFamenTempleandwhatIsawthere.(beingtaken)(rememberdoing表“记得已经做过某事”,同时,与I表被动)
3.非谓语动词在句中的成分(非谓语动词的句法功能)
1
主语
表语
宾语
补语
定语
状语
同位语
不定式???????
动名词?????
现在分词????
过去分词????
________(watch)TV,hefinishedhishomeworkbefore9o”clock.(Towatch)
(非谓语动词做状语,此处表目的,用towatch)
________(watch)TV,hewasdoinghishomework.(Watching)
(非谓语动词做状语,“一边看电视,一边做作业”,用watching)
4.非谓语动词的逻辑主语
所充当的句子成分宾语和表语定语状语宾补
逻辑主语句子的主语被修饰的词主句的主语句子的宾语
Hehadhishouse_________(clean).(cleaned)
(非谓语动词做宾补,逻辑主语是hishouse,宾语和宾补的关系表被动)
HehadAlice________(clean)thehouse.(clean)
(非谓语动词做宾补,逻辑主语是Alice,宾语和宾补的关系表主动)
_______(throw)theirhatsintotheair,thefansofthewinningteamletoutloudshoutsofvictory.(Throwing)
(非谓语动词做状语,逻辑主语是thefans,两者的关系表主动)
二、非谓语动词的做题方法
1.根据上面的四个表格的内容,解非谓语动词的题主要分为下面四步:
1)确定非谓语动词在句中做什么成分
2)找准非谓语动词的逻辑主语
3)考虑非谓语动词的时态和语态
4.)记住非谓语动词的基本特点:todo表目的将来;doing表主动进行;done表被动完成。
2.下面以2019和2018年全国卷语法填空为例,具体分析如何解题。
(1)(2019全国卷I)Modemmethods63trackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid-1980s,andareexpensive64(perform)consistentlyoveralargearea....Scientistshaverespondedby67(note)thathungrybearsmaybecongregating(聚集)aroundhumansettlements,...
答案:64.toperform63.noting
解析:64.非谓语动词做状语,areexpensive充当谓语,逻辑主语是主句的主语Modemmethods;
noting,by介词后跟v-ing作宾语,逻辑主语是主句的主语Scientists,表主动。
(2)(2019全国卷II)A90-year-oldhasbeenawarded“WomanOfTheYear”for61(be)Britain'soldestfull-timeemployee-stillworking40hoursaweek....proudIrene64(declare)shehadnoplans65(retire)fromher36-year-oldbusiness....“Wedon'thaveanyideawhoputgrandmaforward.Whenwegotacall68(say)shewasshort-listed,...
答案:61.being65.toretire68.saying
解析:61.for介词后跟v-ing作宾语,逻辑主语是主句的主语A90-year-old,表主动。
65.非谓语动词做定语,逻辑主语是Irene,表将来,用toretire;
68.非谓语动词做定语,逻辑主语是acall,“电话的内容是...”,表主动,用saying。
(3)(2019全国卷III)Onourwaytothehouse,itwasraining61hardthatwecouldn'thelpwonderinghowlongitwouldtake62(get)there.
Onthelastdayofourweek-longstay,we69(invite)toattendaprivateconcertonabeautifulfarmontheNorthShoreunderthestars,70(listen)tomusiciansandmeetinginterestinglocals.
答案:62.toget70.listening
解析:62.非谓语动词做主语,wouldtake充当谓语,it是形式主语,不定式togetthere是真正的主语;
70.非谓语动词做状语,逻辑主语是主句的主语we,表主动。
(4)(2018全国卷I)Youdon’thavetorunfastorforlong62(see)thebenefit.Youmaydrink,smoke,beoverweightandstillreduceyourriskof63(die)earlybyrunning.
答案:62.tosee63.dying
解析:62.非谓语动词做状语,don’thaveto充当谓语,逻辑主语是主句的主语you,tosee表目的;
63.dying,of介词后跟v-ing作宾语,逻辑主语是主句的主语you,表主动。
(5)(2018全国卷II)Thegovernmentencouragesfarmerstogrowcorninsteadofrice64(improve)waterquality.......China’sapproachtoprotectingitsenvironmentwhile70(feed)itscitizens“offersusefullessonsforagricultureandfoodpolicymakersworldwide,”saysthebank’sJuergenVoegele.
答案:64.toimprove70.feeding
解析:64.非谓语动词,encourages充当谓语,improve作非谓语表目的;
70.非谓语动词做状语,逻辑主语是China,表主动。
(6)(2018全国卷III)Iquicklylowermyself,duckingmyheadtoavoid64(look)directlyintohiseyessohedoesn’tfeel65(challenge).
Oncehismessagewasdelivered,heallowedme70(stay)andwatch.
答案:64.looking65.challenged70.tostay
解析:64.非谓语动词做宾语,逻辑主语是I,表主动。“我赶紧低下头,以免直视他的眼睛。”根据句子结构可知,此处不需要谓语动词。固定表达avoiddoing….避免做某事。
65.challenge作系动词feel的表语,逻辑主语为为he,故要用challenged,表示“受到挑战的”。
70.固定表达allowsb.todo...允许某人做某事,逻辑主语为为he,表主动。