简介：Accordingtodifferencesinvegetationtypesandtheircoverage,combiningthelatestresearch,usingtheoryandmethodonthevalueofvegetationecosystemservices,thispapernotonlycalculatedgoodsproducedbydifferenttypesofvegetationbutalsoestimatedthevalueofvariousvegetationecosystemservicesandsetupdatabase,GISandeco-accountofvegetationecosystem.Theresultwasasfollows:thevalueofvegetation''sprimaryproductivity,soilandfertilityconservation,waterconservation.CO2fixationandO2releasewas199.6billionyuan/a22.64billionyuan/a22.6billionyuan/a,352.24billionyuan/aand374.19billionyuan/a,respectively.Thetotalvalueofecosystemserviceswas968.33billionyuan/a.Thetemperatedeciduousbroad-leavedforesthadthehighestcontributionrate,accountingfor16.42%,Theresultofvaluecanreflectregionalrealitymoreexactly.

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简介：城市的碳脚印在城市的环境上反映人的活动的影响和压力。基于城市水平，这份报纸估计了碳排出物和南京城市，分析的城市的碳脚印紧张和碳周期压力的碳脚印并且通过LMDI讨论了碳脚印的影响因素分解模型。主要结论如下：(1)自从2000，南京的全部的碳排出物很快增加了，在哪个从石块精力的使用的碳排放最大。同时，自从2000，南京的碳水池介绍了一个衰退趋势，它引起了碳赔偿率的减少和城市的碳周期压力的增加。(2)自从2000，很快增加的南京的全部的碳脚印，和碳赤字是超过十次在2009的南京的全部的陆地区域，它意味着南京面对了高碳周期压力。(3)通常，南京的碳脚印紧张在减少上，碳脚印生产率在增加以后。这显示自从2000，南京的精力利用率和碳效率被改进，并且为精力保存的政策和南京管理拿的排放减小收到了更好的效果。(4)经济开发，人口和工业结构为南京的碳脚印的增加正在支持因素，当工业碳脚印紧张是禁止的因素时。(5)几项反措施应该被花城市的碳脚印到减少并且减轻碳周期压力，例如：精力效率，工业结构重建，造林和环境保护和陆地使用控制的改进。通常，到低碳的经济的转变是必要的让中国城市以后认识到持续开发。

简介：AsurveywascarriedoutatthelargestricecultivationareainPeninsularMalaysia,theMudariceagroecosystem.Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastodocumenttheoverallbiodiversityassociatedwiththisuniqueagroecosystembyusingacombinationofsamplingtechniquesinordertorecorddifferentgroupsoffaunaandflora.Thetotalnumberofbiotarecordedandidentifiedfromthericefieldecosystemduringthestudyperiodconsistedof46speciesofzooplankton,81speciesofaquaticinsects,5speciesofrodents,7speciesofbats,87speciesofbirds,11speciesoffishesand58speciesofweeds.Along-termstudyshouldbecarriedoutasmorespeciesareexpectedtoberecordedwhenmoreoftheMudariceagroecosystemareahasbeensampledtoobtainsufficientinformationontheMudariceagrobiodiversity.

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简介：这研究在北京在娱乐商业区(RBD)揭示了空间时间的变化并且检验了在地点之间的关系城市的RBD和交通条件，居民和旅游密度，舞台的点，和土地定价。城市的RBD(最低有效字符，每秒字符数，和ULA)的一个更合理的分类也被建议。象Gini系数，空间插值，核密度评价，和地理察觉者那样的量的方法被采用分别地，在1990，2000，和2014在北京从城市的RBD的三种类型收集并且分析数据并且象城市的RBD的分发特征一样的空间时间的模式用ArcGIS软件被分析。(1)在北京的城市的RBD的数字和规模一直在膨胀，为所有的趋势城市的RBD录入空间地要聚结的北京，这被结束持续；(2)在北京的城市的RBD的空间时间的进化模式是单个核心的agglomerationdual核心agglomerationmulti核心散开；并且(3)城市的RBD总是与低交通密度，旅游胜地，高级居民和旅游人口密度位于区域，并且高相对打估价；这些因素也影响RBD的规模尺寸。

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简介：AsoneofthefewecologicalwetlandsinNorthChina,Baiyangdianbearsmultipleimportantecologicalfunctions,including①adjustingtheecologicalbalanceofNorthChina;②safeguardingthedownstreamareas,especiallyTianjinCity,theBeijing-ShanghaiRailwayandHuabeiOilField;③servingasthereservoirfortheNorth-to-SouthWaterDiversionProjectandtheemergentuseofwaterforBeijing;④conservingbiodiversity.Wetlandecotourismisascientificandwiseusepatternforwetlandresources,throughwhich,asourceoffinancingisprovidedforwetlandconservation,economicalternativesaregeneratedforlocalpeopletoreduceoverexploitationonwetlandresourcesandthepublicawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionisenhanced.Sincewetlandecotourismcanbenefittheco-existencebetweenhumanandnatureandpromotesocialequitybetweenpeople,itenjoysbroadpromiseforpopularizationandimplementation.Theproactivecooperationandsoundinteractionbetweenmainstakeholders,andthewideparticipationofthecommunityresidents,willguaranteethesustainabledevelopmentofwetlandecotourism.BasedontheanalysisofcurrentstatusofparticipationandinteractiverelationshipsofthemainstakeholdersinBaiyangdiantourism,thisarticlemadeanattempttoapplythetheoryofparticipatorydevelopmenttotheecotourisminitiativesofBaiyangdianwetland,discussedandbroughtforwardthecountermeasurestoimprovecommunityparticipationinwetlandecotourismundertheguidanceofthistheory.

简介：Inordertoreducetheenvironmentalandecologicalproblemsinducedbywaterresourcesdevelopmentandutilization,thispaperproposesaconceptofenvironmentalandecologicalwaterrequirement.Itisdefinedastheminimumwateramounttobeconsumedbythenaturalwaterbodiestoconserveitsenvironmentalandecologicalfunctions.Basedonthedefinition,themethodsoncalculatingtheamountofenvironmentalandecologicalwaterrequirementaredetermined.InthecasestudyonHaihe-Luanheriversystem,thewaterrequirementisdividedintothreeparts,i.e.,thebasicin-streamflow,waterrequirementforsedimenttransferandwaterconsumptionbyevaporationofthelakesoreverglades.Theresultsofthecalculationshowthattheenvironmentalandecologicalwaterrequirementintheriversystemisabout124×108m3,including57×108m3forbasicin-streamflow,63×108m3forsedimenttransferand4×l08m3fornetevaporationlossoflakes.Thetotalamountofenvironmentalandecologicalwaterrequirementaccountsfor54%oftheamountofrunoff(228×108m3).However,itshouldberealizedthattheamountofenvironmentalandecologicalwaterrequirementmustbemorethanthatwehavecalculated.Accordingtothisresult,weconsiderthattherationalutilizationrateoftherunoffintheriversystemsmustnotbemorethan40%.Sincethecurrentutilizationrateoftheriversystem,whichisover80%,hasbeenfarbeyondthelimitation,theproblemsofenvironmentandecologyarequiteserious.Itisimperativetocontrolandadjustwaterdevelopmentandutilizationtoeliminatetheexistingproblemsandtoavoidthepotentialecologicalorenvironmentalcrisis.

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简介：福雷斯特植被碳模式为评估碳排放和累积是重要的。许多方法被用来然而，在以前的研究模仿森林植被碳存货的模式无常显然在不同方法的结果之间存在，甚至在不同研究的一样的方法的估计。三个以前的方法，包括空气植被相互作用模型2(AVIM2)，Kriging，卫星数据基于的途径(SBA)，和一个新方法，当模特儿的高精确性表面(HASM)，被用来在中国在江西省模仿森林植被碳股票模式。交叉验证被用来评估方法。省的规模上的四个方法的无常和适用性被分析并且讨论。结果分别地证明HASM有最高的精确性，它在50.66%，33.37%和28.58%改善了，与AVIM2，Kriging和SBA相比。森林生物资源碳存货的模拟的无常主要从为错误，采样错误和森林区域的统计错误建模被导出。全部的森林碳存货，碳密度和江西的森林区域是288.62Tg，3.06kg/m2和94.32湡穩瑡潩n

简介：使用生态的脚印的理论和方法，并且联合地区性的土地利用，资源环境，人口，社会和经济的变化，这篇论文在北Shaanxi在黄土高原上计算了生态的脚印，生态的带能力和生态的剩余/损失in1986-2002省。而且，这篇论文提出了生态的压力索引的概念，建立分级系统，和不同生态的脚印，生态的带能力，生态的剩余和生态的安全变化的预言模型的生态的压力索引模型，和生态的安全，并且也估计了10,000元GDP的生态的脚印要求。这研究的结果如下：(1)在北Shaanxi的生态的带能力显示出一个减少的趋势，减少范围的差别最快；(2)生态的脚印出现一个增加的趋势；(3)生态的压力索引随47%的增加在northernShaanxi的黄土高原上在1986-2002期间从0.44升起了到0.91；并且(4)在学习区域的生态的安全处于一个批评状态，并且生态的压力索引很快一直在增加。

简介：城市的人口在白天期间并且在夜里和他们的空间分发是为计划城市的基础结构，公共服务和灾难地势的重要的底。当当前的人口统计不能在夜里在白天期间把城市的人口与那区分开来，这个领域里的存在研究是相当有限的。这篇论文试着由建立一个关系模型让人口，陆地使用和时间(白天或夜里)的三个部件探索人口的不同类型的时间、空间的特征在这个方面推进研究，它被瞄准在白天期间并且在夜里估计城市的人口并且在格子规模分析他们的空间特征。而且，实验案例研究在中国北京在Haidian区域被执行了测试模型。结果如下：(1)城市的人口的空间结构在夜里与那在白天期间显著地不同。城市的人口的空间分发在白天期间是更广泛的，更多聚结那那在夜里。(2)在人口之间的空间联合关系的几种类型在在夜里的白天和那期间被识别了，例如三明治模式，对称模式，集中模式和单个模式，等等(3)白天和夜间人口的空间分发也在中国的发展期间反映某些因素例如旧居住区域，新工业区域的构造，和城市、农村的区域之间的差别的分发，它能提供参考

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简介：Twotypicalprovincialcapitals(NanjingandZhengzhou)andtwocounties(RugaoandYuanyang)ineast(JiangsuProvince)andcentral(HenanProvince)Chinawerechosenrespectivelyasthedevelopedandlessdevelopedcomparativecasesforpedodiversityandlandusediversitycorrelativeanalysisbyborrowingtherecentlybetterdevelopedpedodiversitymethodology.Landuseclassificationwasworkedoutusingremotesensingimagesinthreedifferentperiods(1986-1988,2000-2001and2004-2006)forthesestudiedcaseareasbeforethecalculationoftheconstituentdiversityindexandspatialdistributiondiversityindexmodifiedafterShannonentropyin2km×2kmgridscaleofthesoilandlandusepatternwereconductedandthenaconnectionindexwasproposedtoevaluatetherelationshipbetweensoilandlandusediversity.Resultsshowthatduringtheyearsfrom1986to2006,thecompositionandspatialdistributionofregionallandusepatternhadchangedgreatly.TheagriculturallandareaofallthestudiedcaseareasdecreasedobviouslyinwhichNanjinghasthehighestdecrementof895.98km2mainlyintourbanusewhiletheotherlandusetypeareachangesshowthesametrend.Theconnectionindexoffourtypicalsoilfamilytypesandtypicalurbanlandusetypes,i.e.,urbanconstructionland,transportationlandandindustrialandminingareaallincreasedinthisperiod.Inthestudiedcaseareas,thereisthehighestsoilconstituentdiversityinZhengzhouat0.779whilethesimplestsoilconstituentdiversityinRugaoat0.582.MeanwhilewehavehigherlandusediversityinthemoreurbanizedJiangsuProvincethanHenanProvince,Nanjingisrankingthefirstthathasbeengettinghigherandhigherinthethreeperiodsat0.366in1986-1988,0.483in2000-2001and0.545in2004-2006.Finally,theconnectionindexfigurestoevaluatetherelationshipbetweensoilandlandusediversityofthestudiedareaswerecomparedtoshowthesimilarphenomenonthatthisfiguregrowsfastestinNanjingfollowedb

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简介：ConcentrationsofheavymetalsintheintertidalgastropodNeritalineatacollectedfrom4samplingstationsintheintertidalzoneofDumaicoastalwatershavebeenanalyzedandcorrelatedwiththerespectivemetalconcentrationsintheirhabitat.TheobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluatethepossiblerelationshipsbetweenheavymetalconcentrationsintheN.lineatawithmetalconcentrationsintheirhabitat,whichincludeseawater,algalmat,suspendedparticulatematter,andsurfacesediment.Theresultsshowedthatheavymetalconcentrationsinthesediment,N.lineata,suspendedparticulatematter,algalmatandsurfaceseawaterwerefoundtobehigherinstationsclosedtoDumaicitycenterwhichhasmoreindustrialandanthropogenicactivities.ThemeanconcentrationsofCd,Cu,Pb,Zn,NiandFeintheN.lineatacollectedfromDumaiintertidalareawere4.14μg/g,5.90μg/g,44.43μg/g,3.74μg/g,20.73μg/g,24.91μg/ginshell;4.16μg/g,7.31μg/g,51.78μg/g,17.63μg/g,23.52μg/g,30.60μg/ginoperculumand0.71μg/g,15.09μg/g,9.41μg/g,94.42μg/g,5.10μg/g,398.24μg/gdryweightinthetotalsofttissue,respectively.Cd,PbandNiconcentrationsofpartsoftheN.lineatawereintheorder:thatofoperculum>shell>softtissuewhilstCu,ZnandFeconcentrationsofpartsoftheN.lineataintheorder:thatofsofttissue>operculum>shell.ThissuggestedthatN.lineatacouldbeusedasbiomonitoringagentforCu,ZnandFe(softtissues)andforCd,PbandNi(operculum).However,theshellhadsignificantcorrelations(P<0.05)withmetalconcentrationsinthesediment,algalmat,suspendedparticulatematterandseawater.Bioconcentrationfactor(BCF)valuesoftheshellalsorevealedgreatercapacityfornon-essentialmetalsbioaccumulationfromallenvironmentalphases.ThismightsuggestthattheshellofN.lineatacouldbebetterusedasbiomonitoringagentforheavymetalpollution.

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