简介：Withthebuyer'smarketstrengthening,retailershavebeguntoleadinproductdevelopmentbyintroducingtheirownprivatelabelproducts.Thesuccessofsuchanewproductlaunchreliesontransmissionofdemandinformationalongasupplychain,yetthisnewphenomenonhasbeenlittleresearched.Thispaperattemptstoaddresssuchanissuebymodelingverticalinformationtransmissioninasupplychainconsistingofaretailerandamanufacturer.Theretailerwouldliketointroduceanewprivatelabelproductandknowsthedemandoftheproducttobeeitherhighorlow,whilethemanufactureronlyknowsthepriordistributionofthedemandtype.Thisstudyattemptstofindwhetherawholesale-pricecontractoratwo-parttariffcontractcanfacilitatethemanufacturertoidentifythedemandtype.Theresultsshowthatthetwo-parttariffcontractisalwayseffectiveinrealizinginformationtransmissionaslongastheretailer'sreserveprofitremainswithinareasonablerange.

简介：Afterthereformandopening,theeconomicrelationshipbetweenChinaandtheworldisstrengthenedheavily.Theoretically,internationalfactorshaveimpactonthedomesticgeneralpricelevelthroughasetofchannels.Thispaperemployedasampleincludingmonthlydataoffiverepresentativeindicators,toexploretheinfluenceofinternationalfactorsonChinesepricelevel.TheempiricalresultsshowedthatthereisanobviouslagforChineseCPIreactingtointernationalshocks,whilethePPIreactsimmediately.TheimpactofinternationalfactorsonChineseCPIandPPIusuallylasts12monthsatleastandtheyalwaysexhibitadifferenttransmissionmechanismforinternationalshocks.Besides,afurtherstudyrevealedthatsomestructure-breakpointsintheinfluencemechanismofinternationalfactorsexist,andgreatchangesoftheimpactdirectionandsignificancefordifferentfactorshavetakenplaceinthesubsampleperiods.