简介：Peptidenucleicacids(PNAs)aresyntheticoligonucleotideswithchemicallymodifiedbackbones.PNAscanbindtobothDNAandRNAtargetsinasequence-specificmannertoformPNA/DNAandPNA/RNAduplexstructures.Whenboundtodouble-strandedDNA(dsDNA)targets,thePNAmoleculereplacesoneDNAstrandintheduplexbystrandinvasiontoformaPNA/DNA/PNA[or(PNA)2/DNA]triplexstructureandthedisplacedDNAstrandexistsasasinglestrandedD-loop.PNAhasbeenusedinmanystudiesasresearchtoolsforgeneregulationandgenetargeting.TheDloopsgeneratedfromthePNAbindinghavealsobeendemonstratedforitspotentialininitiatingtranscriptionandinducinggeneexpression.PNAprovidesapowerfultooltostudythemechanismoftranscriptionandaninnovativestrategytoregulatetargetgeneexpression.AnunderstandingofthePNA-mediatedgeneregulationwillhaveimportantclinicalimplicationsintreatmentofmanyhumandiseasesincludinggenetic,cancerous,andage-relateddiseases.

简介：作文向量树(CVTrees)被一个没有排列、没有参数的方法从整个染色体的数据推断。有相应分类的这些树的协议在这个工作提供推断的发展史的一个客观理由，我们证明由表现的CVTrees的稳定性和自我一致性自举并且大折刀重新采样测试适应了这条没有排列的途径。我们的最终的目标是倡导费时间的统计重新采样测试根本能在使用这条没有排列的途径被避免的观点。对分类的同意应该作为一个主要标准被拿估计原核生物的种系发生的树。

简介：Amajorroleofecologicalriskassessment(ERA)hasbeentoprovidescientificguidanceonwhetherafuturehumanactivitywillcauseecologicalharm,includingsuchactivitiesasreleaseofageneticallymodifiedorganism(GMO),exoticspecies,orchemicalpollutantintotheenvironment.Thisrequiresthedeterminationofthelikelihoodsthattheactivity:wouldcauseaharm,andwouldnotcauseaharm.Inthefirstcase,thefocusisondemonstratingthepresenceofaharmanddevelopingappropriatemanagementtomitigatesuchharm.Thisisusuallyevaluatedusingstandardhypothesisanalysis.Inthesecondcase,thefocusisondemonstratingtheabsenceofaharmandsupportingadecisionofbiosafety.WhilemostERAresearchershavefocusedonfindingpresenceofharm,andsomehavewronglyassociatedthelackofdetectionofharmwithbiosafety,anovelapproachinERAwouldbetofocusondemonstratingdirectlythesafetyoftheactivity.Although,someresearchershavesuggestedthatretrospectivepoweranalysiscanbeusedtoinferabsenceofharm,itactuallyprovidesinaccurateinformationaboutbiosafety.Adecisionofbiosafetycanonlybesupportedinastatisticallysoundmannerbyequivalencetests,describedhere.Usinga20%ecologicalequivalencestandardinGMOexamples,weillustratedtheuseofequivalencetestsfortwo-sampleswithnormalorbinomialdataandmulti-samplenormaldata,andprovidedaspreadsheetcalculatorforeach.Insixoftheeightexamples,theeffectsofCrytoxinsonanon-targetorganismwereequivalenttoacontrol,supportingadecisionofbiosafety.Theseexamplesalsoshowedthatdemonstrationofequivalencedoesnotrequirelargesamplesizes.Althoughmorerelevantecologicalequivalencestandardsshouldbedevelopedtoenableequivalenceteststobecomethemainmethodtosupportbiosafetydecisionmaking,weadvocatetheiruseforevaluatingbiosafetyfornon-targetorganismsbecauseoftheirdirectandaccurateinferenceregardingsafety.

简介：我们为在人的线粒体与氨基酸新陈代谢联系的新陈代谢的小径的鉴定和重建使用了一条生物信息学途径。试验性、计算的方法决定的人的mitochondrial蛋白质从KEGG数据库在参考小径上被迭加识别mitochondrial小径。在为每条重建的小径的入口和出口点的酶被识别，并且mitochondrial溶质搬运人蛋白质是坚定的在哪儿适用。在mitochondrial小径的中间的酶基于从公共数据库，在当前的文学的证据，或我们的MITOPRED程序可得到的注解被识别，它预言蛋白质的mitochondrial本地化。通过从试验性、文献、计算的来源导出的数据的集成，我们重建了氨基酸在人的线粒体的新陈代谢的小径，它帮助能更好处于人的健康理解mitochondrial新陈代谢和它的角色。

简介：SomerecentstudiesindicatedthatGABAergicsystemisinvolvedinmammalianspermacrosomereaction(AR),butdirestevidencepertainingtotheexpressionofgatlinmammalianspermisnotyetdemonstrated.Inthisstudy,weevaluatedthepresenceof67kDaGAT1proteinandmRNAinrattestisbyWesternblottingandreversetranscription-polymerasechainreaction.Meanwhile,immunohistochemicalandimmunofluorescentanalysesalsoidentifiedGAT1proteinontheelongatedspermatidandsperm.Theseresultsindicatedthatrattestisisanovelsiteofgatlexpression.FurtherstudiesshouldbetakentoexploretheroleofGAT1proteinonspermacrosomereaction.

简介：codon和氨基酸用法的Multivariate分析为三利什曼原虫种被执行，包括L。donovani，L。infantum和L。主修。所有三种在mutational偏爱和翻译选择下面，这被揭示。在所有三个寄生虫的更低的GC12和更高的GC3S建议与低层的表示基因(腿)相比，祖先的高度表示的基因(HEG)可能富于在内容。这也建议肯定有在在腿的GC偏爱下面的进化的更快的率。它在HEG从synonymous/non-synonymous替换的评价被观察L的HEG数据集。donovani离L靠近得多。evolutionarily主修。这被更高的dN价值也作为与在L之间的dS相比支持。donovani和L。主修，建议同义的codon的保存在这之间放二种和在塑造编码蛋白质的基因的作文的翻译选择的角色。

简介：Microarrayanalysesofgeneexpressionarewidelyused,butreportsofthesameanalysesbydifferentgroupsgivewidelydivergentresults,andraisequestionsregardingreproducibilityandreliability.Wetakeasanexamplerecentpublishedreportsonmicroarrayexperimentsthatweredesignedtoidentifyretinoicacidresponsivegenes.Thesereportsshowsubstantialdifferencesintheirresults.Inthisarticle,wereviewthemethodology,results,andpotentialcausesofdifferencesintheseapplicationsofmicroarrays.Finally,wesuggestpracticestoimprovethereliabilityandreproducibilityofmicroarrayexperiments.

简介：γ-AminobutyricacidandGABAergicreceptorswerepreviouslyreportedtobedistributedinreproductivesystemsbesidesCNSandpredictedtoparticipateinthemodulationoftesticularfunction.γ-Aminobutyricacidtransporterwasimplicatedtobeinvolvedinthisprocess.However,thepotentialroleofγ-aminobutyrictransporterintestishasnotbeenexplored.Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedtheexistenceofmouseγ-aminobutyricacidtransportersubtypeI(mGAT1)intestis.Wild-typeandtransgenicmice,whichoverexpressingmGAT1inavarietyoftissues,especiallyintestis,wereprimarilystudiedtoapproachtheprofileofmGAT1intestis.MicewithoverexpressedmGAT1developnormallybutwithreducedmassandsizeoftestisascomparedwithwild-type.Testicularmorphologyoftransgenicmiceexhibitedovertabnormalitiesincludingfocaldamageofthespermatogenicepitheliumaccompaniedbycapillariesproliferationandincreaseddiameterofseminiferoustubuleslumen.Reducednumberofspermatidswasalsofoundinsomeseminiferoustubules.OurresultsclearlydemonstratethepresenceofGAT1inmousetestisandimplythatGAT1ispossiblyinvolvedintesticularfunction.

简介：

简介：为鸡蛋的控制和甘薯白人的第二个中间形态阶段为24h跟随直接暴露到杀虫药剂Majestik，水花油，Agri-50E，Savona和天王卫四的entomopathogenic真菌Lecanicilliummuscarium的孢子萌芽上的效果飞，Bemisiatabaci，被决定。到Agri-50E和天王卫四的暴露被可接受的孢子萌芽跟随。L的传染性率。一品红叶子上的muscarium也面对杀虫药剂的干燥残余被调查。B的控制的没有重要有害效果onthelevels。tabaci与用于没有残余的叶子的真菌相比被记录。有真菌的化学药品Savona，水花油和Majestik的顺序的申请都生产了第二中间形态B的死亡。超过90%的tabaci。有L的这些化学药品的加入。muscarium进为B的综合防治法节目。tabaci被讨论。

简介：

简介：Thenorepinephrinetransporter(NET)isamemberoftheNa^+/Cl^-dependentneurotransmittertransporterfamilyandconstitutesthetargetofseveralclinicallyimportantantidepressants.TodelineatethecriticalaminoacidresiduesandthefunctionofC-terminalinregulatingtransportactivityofNET,hereweconstructedtwositemutants(V70F,F72V;V70I,F72V)andoneC-terminaltruncatedmutant(Δ611-617).ThewildtypeandmutantsofNETwereexpressedinXenopusoocytesbyinjectionoftheircRNA.Wefoundthatallofthesemutantslosttheirtransportactivity.TheseresultsindicatethattheaminoacidresiduesofV70andF72,andthelastsevenaminoacidsofC-terminalareessentialtothetransportactivityofNET.

简介：在从CydiapomonellaL的整个身体提取的全部的类脂化合物的脂肪酸作文的季节的变化。幼虫被气体色层法决定。在non-diapause和幼鳕蛾的滞育幼虫的六很丰富的脂肪酸是油的(35%-39%)，十六酸(23%-33%)，罂酸(16%-30%)，palmitoleic(5%-10%)，硬脂(1.5%—3.0%)并且亚麻酸(1.0%-2.5%)。这代表鳞翅类的脂肪酸的典型补充。C的全部的类脂化合物的脂肪酸作文。pomonella幼虫与滞育有关。在到大多数另外的报告的类似，不饱和脂肪酸的比例处于滞育开始状态增加了。滞育幼虫的Thetotal类脂化合物包含了更多的亚油酸(25.8%对16.1%)和更少的棕榈酸(24.7%对33.4%)，比non-diapause幼虫的。亚油酸(C18:2)的重量百分比从16%～26%增加了从早--8月通过早--9月在转变todiapause期间，当棕榈酸(C16:0)同时从33%～25%减少了时。这些变化导致了比率的增加对在滞育幼虫的到2.63的从1.72innon-diapause幼虫的饱和脂肪酸(UFA/SFA)不饱和。

简介：在这研究，被尝试了从他们的氨基酸序列预言克否定的细菌的蛋白质的主要功能。使用训练并且测试的数据集由670非冗余的克否定的细菌的蛋白质(255细胞的过程，60个信息分子，285新陈代谢，和70个毒力因素)组成。首先，我们开发了使用氨基酸和dipeptide作文的一个基于SVM的方法并且分别地完成了52.39%和47.01%的全面精确性。我们基于tetrapeptides，我们在识别了显著地在蛋白质的一个班上发现的唯一的tetrapeptides为蛋白质的分类介绍了一个新概念。这些tetrapeptides作为输入特征被使用预言蛋白质的功能并且完成了68.66%的全面精确性。我们也开发了tetrapeptide信息与氨基酸作文在被使用并且完成了70.75%的全面精确性的一个混合方法。五倍的生气确认被用来评估这些方法的表演。网服务器VICMpred为预言克否定的细菌的蛋白质(http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/vicmpred/)的函数被开发了。

简介：Thewheatmidge,Sitodiplosismosellana,isaseriouspestofwheatworldwide.InNorthAmerica,managementofS.mosellanainspringwheatreliesonthetimelyapplicationofpesticides,basedonmidgeadultslevelscaughtinpheromonetrapsorseenviafieldscoutingduringwheatheading.Inthiscontext,biopesticidescanbeaneffectivealternativetopesticidesforcontrollingS.mosellanawithinanIntegratedPestManagementprogram.AfieldstudyusinginsectpathogenicfungusBeauveriabassianaGHA,nematodeSteinernemaJeltiaewithBarricadepolymergel1%,pyrethrin,combinedformulationsofB.bassianaGHAandpyrethrin,Jasmonicacid(JA)andchlorpyrifos(chemicalcheck)wasperformedtodeterminetowhichextenttheyaffectmidgelarvalpopulations,kerneldamagelevels,grainyield,andquality,andtheimpactsonadultparasitoidMacroglenespenetranspopulations.TheresultsindicatedthatbiopesticidesJAandS.Jeltiaewerethemosteffectiveinreducinglarvalpopulationsandkerneldamagelevels,andproducedahigherspringwheatyieldwhencomparedtothewatercontrolatbothstudylocations(EastValierandNorthValier,Montana,USA).IncreasedtestweightinwheathadbeenrecordedwithtwopreviousbiopesticidesatEastValierbutnotforNorthValier,whencomparedoverwatercontrol.Theseresultswerecomparableinefficacytothechlorpyrifos.ThisstudyalsosuggestedthatB.bassianaandpyrethrinmayworksynergistically,asexemplifiedbylowertotallarvalpopulationsandkerneldamagelevelswhenappliedtogether.ThisstudydidnotdemonstratetheeffectofanytreatmentsonM.penetranspopulations.