简介：Hepatocellularcarcinoma(HCC),thepredominantformofadultlivermalignancies,isaglobalhealthconcern.Itsdismalprognosishaspromptedrecentsignificantadvancesintheunderstandingofitsetiologyandpathogenesis.Thederegulationofepigeneticmechanisms,whichmaintainheritablegeneexpressionchangesandchromatinorganization,isimplicatedinthedevelopmentofmultiplecancers,includingHCC.ThisreviewsummarizesthecurrentknowledgeofepigeneticmechanismsinthepathogenesisofHCC,withanemphasisonHCCmediatedbychronichepatitisBvirusinfection.Thisreviewalsodiscussestheencouragingoutcomesandlessonslearntfromepigenetictherapiesforhematologicalandothersolidcancers,andhighlightsthefuturepotentialofsimilartherapiesinthetreatmentofHCC.

简介：Objective:IL-22-producingCD4+Thelpercells(Th22cells)havebeenidentifiedasmajorinducersoftissueinflammationandimmuneresponses.Currently,nopreviousstudyexploredtheroleofTh22cellsinthepathogenesisofhepatocellularcarcinoma(HCC).ThestudyaimedtodeterminethebiologicalfunctionofTh22cellsanditseffectorIL-22inHCCpatients.Methods:Forty-fiveHCCpatientsand19healthycontrolswererecruitedandtheirperipheralbloodwascollected.ThefreshHCCtissues,adjacentHCCtissuesandtennormallivertissueswerealsocollected.FlowcytometryanalysiswasusedtodeterminethefrequenciesofcirculatingTh22cellsandTh17cells.SerumIL-22levelsweretestedbyenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(ELISA).Immunohistochemicalstainingandreal-timepolymerasechainreaction(PCR)wereusedtodetectIL-22proteinandmRNAintissuesspecimens,respectively.Results:CirculatingTh22cells,Th17cellsandserumIL-22levelsweresignificantlyelevatedinHCCpatientscomparedwiththoseofhealthycontrols(P<0.001).Th22cellswereshowedtobepositivelycorrelatedwithIL-22inHCCpatients(P<0.05),butnotinhealthycontrols.NosignificantdifferenceswerefoundinHCCpatientswithHBeAgpositivityornegativityintermofTh22cellsandserumIL-22levels.TheexpressionofIL-22proteinandmRNAwashighestinHCCtissues,followedbyadjacentHCCtissuesandnormallivertissues.Furthermore,Th22cells,serumIL-22levelsandIL-22mRNAwereelevatedatstageIII-IVcomparedwithstageI-IIofHCC(P<0.05).Conclusions:ElevationofcirculatingTh22cellsandIL-22maybeimplicatedinthepathogenesisofHCC,andpotentiallybecellulartargetsfortherapeuticintervention.

简介：MicroRNAs(miRNAs)areendogenoussmallnon-codingRNAsthatrepresstheirtargetsatposttranscriptionallevel.ExistingstudieshaveshownthatmiRNAsareimportantregulatorygenesinhepatocellularcarcinoma(HCC),aseithertumorsuppressorsoroncogenes.MiR-122isnormallydownregulatedinHCCandregardedasatumorsuppressor.RecentlymiR-122hasbeenreportedtoberegulatedbyCEBPA,whichistheninvolvedinanovelpathwaytoinfluenceproliferationoftumorcells.HoweveritisunknownwhetherCEBPAisregulatedbymiRNAsinHCC.Inthisstudy,wefindthatmiR-182isupregulatedinHCCmodelrat,andrepressesCEBPAinbothratandhuman.ThisfurtherimprovesthecurrentCEBPA/miR-122pathwaythatcontrolstheproliferationoftumorcells.TheseresultssuggestthatmiR-182isapotentialoncogeneinHCCandcouldbeusedasadiagnosticmarkeranddrugtargetofHCC.

简介：Objective:Toobservetheclinicaleffectofradiofrequencyablation(RFA)combinedwithtranscatheterarterialchemoembolization(TACE)foradvancedhepatocellularcarcinoma(HCC).Methods:Atotalof92casesofadvancedprimarylivercancerunderwentTACEandRFAtreatmentfromJune2005to2011attheDepartmentofHepatobiliarySurgery,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofBengbuMedicalCollege.Atotalof88caseswithcompleteclinicaltreatmentandfollow-updataweredividedintotwogroups:43patientstreatedwithTACE(TACEgroup)and45patientsthatreceivedTACEcombinedwithRFAtreatment(TACE+RFAgroup).Afterclinicaldataassessment,tumorsizeandsurvivalstatuswerenotsignificantlydifferentbetweenthegroupsasdeterminedbystratifiedanalysis.Results:Beforeandaftersurgery,spiralCTradiographyandcolorcomparisonobservedablationconditions.Thetumornecrosisratesaftertreatment(CR+PR)were67.4%(29/43)and91.1%(41/45)fortheTACEandcombinedtreatmentgroups,respectively,andthedifferencewasstatisticallysignificant(P<0.05).ThequalityoflifewassignificantlyimprovedforpatientsundergoingTACE+RFAcomparedwiththecontrolgroup.SurvivaldurationwasnotsignificantlydifferentinpatientsundergoingTACE+RFAcomparedwiththecontrolgroup.Conclusions:Inthisstudy,theeffectofRFAcombinedwithTACEtreatmentwasbetterthanTACEaloneintreatingadvancedHCC.

简介：Objective:TodeterminewhetherInterferon-alpha-2b(IFN-α2b)canmodulatetheautophagicresponseinhepatocellularcarcinomacells.Methods:HepatocellularcarcinomacellsweretreatedwithIFN-α2b.Autophagywasassessedbyacridineorangestaining,GFP-LC3dottedassay,transmissionelectronmicroscopyandimmunoblotting.Results:AcridineorangestainingshowedthatIFN-α2btriggeredtheaccumulationofacidicvesicularandautolysosomesinHepG2cells.TheacridineorangeHepG2cellratioswere(4.3±1.0)%,(6.9±1.4)%,and(13.1±2.3)%,respectively,aftertreatmentwith100,1,000,and10,000IU/mLIFN-α2bfor48h.AmarkedlypunctatepatternwasobservedinHepG2cellstreatedwith10,000IU/mLIFN-α2bfor48h,butonlydiffuseandweaklyfluorescentGFP-LC3punctawasobservedincontrolcells.HepG2cellstreatedwith10,000IU/mLIFN-α2bfor48hdevelopedautophagosome-likecharacteristics,includingsingle-ordouble-membranevacuolescontainingintactanddegradedcellulardebris.TheBeclin1andLC3-IIproteinexpressionwasup-regulatedbyIFN-α2btreatment.Conclusion:Autophagycanbeinducedinadose-dependentmannerbytreatmentwithIFN-α2binHepG2cells,andtheBeclin1signalingpathwaywasstimulatedbyIFN-α2b.

简介：Objectives:Toevaluateoutcomesintreatingcarcinomaofexternalauditorycanal(EAC)andtoanalysisfactorswhicheffecttheprognosisofthisdisease.Methods:Aretrospectivelyreviewof16patientstreatedforcarcinomaofEACatourdepartmentbetweenApril2000andApril2014wasconducted.Allpatientsunderwentsurgicaltreatmentandthediagnosisconfirmedbypathologicalexamination.Results:Therewereadenoidcysticcarcinoma(ACC)in8patients,squamouscellcarcinoma(SCC)in5patients,adenocarcinoma(AC)in2patients,andverrucouscarcinoma(VC)in1patient.ThetumorswereclassifiedasStageIin4cases,StageIIin2cases,StageIIIin3cases,andStageⅣin7cases.Fivepatientsunderwentextensivetumorresection(ETR),2patientsunderwentlateraltemporalboneresection(LTBR),5patientsunderwentmodifiedLTBR,2patientsunderwentsubtotaltemporalboneresection(STBR),and2patientsunderwentonlyopenbiopsy.Besides,adjunctiveprocedures,includingneckdissection,parotidectomyandpinnaresectionwereperformedwhenindicated.Tenpatientsreceivedpostoperativeradiotherapy.Bytheendoffollowup,twopatientshaddiedoftheirdisease,2losttofollowup,2survivedwiththedisease,andtherestsurviveddisease-free.Themedianfollow-upperiodwas24months.Conclusion:CompletetumorresectionappearstobeaneffectivetreatmentforcarcinomaoftheEAC.PatientswithSCCseemtohaveworseprognosisthanthosewithACC.Radiationtherapyseemslesseffectiveforihediseasethansurgicaltreatment.

简介：这研究寻求了在病理学的ENE阴茎癌估计extranodal扩展(ENE)和几个另外的风险因素的度的预示的意义。我们分析了有希望地与证明ENE在31个化疗天真的病人的一个连续系列上收集了数据经历了治疗学的地区性的lymphadenectomy。手术后的外部放射疗法然后被执行。我们学习了一个新奇分级系统和相关病人与他们的结果措施分级的利用的ENE的程度。ENE作为1被分级-如果淋巴节点(行)的囊被破裂不到三分之一个它的圆周或2-如果囊被破坏，超过三分之一个它的圆周或全部行被破坏。我们用Kaplan-Meier方法估计了全面幸存(OS)。Multivariate分析根据比例的危险用在univariate分析作为统计上重要被识别的因素建模的考克斯的意见被执行。ENE的发生率在有阴茎的病理学的节点积极的癌的病人是51.8%。中部的OS和5年的幸存是18个月(95%信心间隔(CI)，14.4-21.6)并且23%分别地。univariate分析上的预示的变量是ENE等级2，≥；有ENE的3行，最大的行≥；35公里，≥；5积极的行和骨盆的行参与。在multivariate分析上，仅仅ENE等级2仍然保持与减少的OS联系了(危险比率(HR)：6.50)。在结论，有ENE的病人有等级2是的差的结果，和ENE在有病理学的ENE的病人的差的OS的一个独立预兆的因素阴茎癌。

简介：Spindlecellcarcinomaofthebreastisararetumor.Thistumorcanproliferaterapidlyandcausecysticchangesbecauseofinternaltissuenecrosis.Weevaluateda54-year-oldwomanwithrightbreastlump.Mammographyshowedacategoryfourmasswithadiameterof2.5cm.Ultrasonography(US)revealedacomplexcysticlesion,andfine-needleaspiration(FNA)cytologydemonstratedbloodyfluidandmalignantcells.Partialbreastresectionandsentinellymphnodebiopsywereperformed.Immunohistologyrevealedspindlecellswithpositiveresultsforcytokeratin(AE1/AE3)andvimentin,partiallypositiveresultsfors-100,andnegativeresultsfordesminandα-actin.ThepathologicalstagewasIIA,andbiochemicalcharacterizationshowedthatthetumorwastriplenegative.SixcoursesofFEC-100chemotherapy(5-fluorouracil500mg/m2,epirubicin100mg/m2,andcyclophosphamide500mg/m2)wereadministered.Radiotherapywasperformed.Thiscaseisdiscussedwithreferencetotheliterature.

简介：DearSir,IamDr.Yin-HungChangfromtheDepartmentofOtolaryngology,TaipeiTzuChiHospital,theBuddhistTzuChiMedicalFoundation.Iwouldliketopresentacaseofinvertedpapillomawithcarcinomachangeoflacrimaldrainageapparatusandnasalcavitythathadbeensuccessfullytreatedbyendoscopicsurgery.Lacrimaldrainageapparatustumorsarerarebutimportant

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