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简介：AbstractEbola virus (EBOV) is one of the most pathogenic viruses in humans which can cause a lethal hemorrhagic fever. Understanding the cellular entry mechanisms of EBOV can promote the development of new therapeutic strategies to control virus replication and spread. It has been known that EBOV virions bind to factors expressed at the host cell surface. Subsequently, the virions are internalized by a macropinocytosis-like process, followed by being trafficked through early and late endosomes. Recent researches indicate that the entry of EBOV into cells requires integrated and functional lipid rafts. Whilst lipid rafts have been hypothesized to play a role in virus entry, there is a current lack of supporting data. One major technical hurdle is the lack of effective approaches for observing viral entry. To provide evidence on the involvement of lipid rafts in the entry process of EBOV, we generated the fluorescently labeled Ebola virus like particles (VLPs), and utilized single-particle tracking (SPT) to visualize the entry of fluorescent Ebola VLPs in live cells and the interaction of Ebola VLPs with lipid rafts. In this study, we demonstrate the compartmentalization of Ebola VLPs in lipid rafts during entry process, and inform the essential function of lipid rafts for the entry of Ebola virus. As such, our study provides evidence to show that the raft integrity is critical for Ebola virus pathogenesis and that lipid rafts can serve as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

简介：Whitespotsyndromevirus(WSSV)isoneofthemajorshrimppathogenscausinglargeeconomiclossestoshrimpfarming.Inanattempttoidentifytheenvelopeproteinsinvolvedinthevirusinfection,purifiedWSSVvirionsweremixedwiththreeantiseraagainstWSSVenvelopeproteins(VP39,VP124andVP187),individually.Andthentheywereinjectedintramuscularlyintocrayfish(Procambarusclarkii)toconductinvivoneutralizationassays.TheresultsshowedthatforgroupsinjectedwithvirionsonlyandgroupsinjectedwiththemixtureofvirionsandantiserumagainstVP124,thecrayfishmortalitieswere100%and60%onthe8thdaypostinfection,individually.ThevirusinfectioncouldbedelayedorneutralizedbyantibodyagainsttheenvelopeproteinVP124.QuantitativePCRwasusedtofurtherinvestigatetheinfluenceofthreeantiseradescribedaboveonthevirusinfection.TheresultsshowedthattheantiserumagainstVP124couldrestrainthepropagationofWSSVincrayfish.AlloftheresultssuggestedthattheviralenvelopeproteinVP124playedaroleinWSSVinfection.

简介：AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) all cause important animal diseases. FMDV affects many different cloven-hoofed animals, whereas SVDV and CSFV are restricted to domestic and feral pigs together with wild boar. Europe is normally free of these diseases, but occasionally outbreaks happen, which can cause huge economic losses. Handling of these viruses, in particular FMDV and CSFV, is only allowed within high containment laboratories and stables. Periodically such facilities need to be decommissioned for repair or closing down, which is done by cleaning and chemical disinfection, followed by fumigation due to residual risk from virus on surfaces in inaccessible places. However, building materials in older laboratories or stables that have housed infected animals may not be well-suited for fumigation. Heat treatment is another way of inactivating viruses. In this study, we have determined the survival of infectivity in air-dried virus samples on glass and plastic surfaces incubated at room temperature or heated to 70 °C for 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days. Each of the tested viruses was inactivated to below the limit of detection after 24 h or 48 h of incubation at 70 °C; in contrast, some of these viruses were still infectious after 7 days of incubation at room temperature. This study provides important information that can be used in relation to decontamination of buildings and in risk-assessments.

简介：继去年9月的‘樱花’病毒之后前些日子又有一个叫“正版骗子”的病毒在网络上流传开采．和“樱花”病毒相同．该病毒也是拿反病毒厂商的杀毒软件开涮．不但会终止这几款杀毒软件．还会弹出具有迷惑性语言的对话框，给国内杀毒软件的正版用户开了一个大大的玩笑。

简介：在xenotropic之间的潜在的协会鼠科的白血球过多症自从2006，病毒相关的gammaretrovirus(XMRV)和前列腺癌症(PCa)被记录了。查明这个协会是否是原因的，为推进我们PCa的生物机制的理解是重要的。总结可得到的信息在上流行病学并且协会的实验室调查结果，我们进行了PubMed电子数据库的文学搜索(从2006年3月到2011年2月)那检验了在XMRV和PCa之间的协会识别相关出版研究。尽管几研究显示出在XMRV和PCa之间的积极协会，更最近的研究没支持这个结论。积极调查结果可能由于人的样品的污染。进一步的研究被需要澄清这个协会。

简介：Liverinjuryisacharacteristicfeatureofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)infection,whichisthesecondmostcommoncauseofmortalityinHIV-infectedpatients.NowitisrecognizedthatliverplaysakeyroleinHIVinfectionpathogenesis.Antiretroviraltherapy(ART),whichsuppressesHIVinfectioninpermissiveimmunecells,islesseffectiveinhepatocytes,therebymakingthesecellsasilentreservoirofHIVinfection.InadditiontodirecthepatotoxiceffectsofHIV,certainARTtreatmentmodalitiesprovidehepatotoxiceffects.TheexactmechanismsofHIV-triggeredchronichepatitisprogressionarenotelucidated,buttheliverisadverselyaffectedbyHIV-infectionandlivercellsareprominentlyinvolvedinHIV-elicitedinjury.Theseeffectsarepotentiatedbysecondhitslikealcohol.Here,wewillfocusontheincidenceofHIV,clinicalevidenceofHIVrelatedliverdamage,interactionsbetweenHIVandlivercellsandtheroleofalcoholandco-infectionwithhepatotropicvirusesinliverinflammationandfibrosisprogression.

简介：Witheffectivecontrolandpreventionmeasures,thenumberofHIVcarriersandAIDSpatientsinChinacouldbelimitedto1.5millionin2010,saidChenXianyi,aseniorofficialwiththeMinistryofHealth.Butwithoutsuchsteps,therecouldbemorethan10million,Chenwarned.Chenmadetheremar...

简介：<正>Manyvirusesestablishlife-longinfectionsintheirnaturalhostwithfewifanyclinicalmanifestations.Therelationshipbetweenvirusandhostisadynamicprocessinwhichthevirushasevolvedthemeanstocoexistbyreducingitsvisibility,whilethehostimmunesystemattemptstosuppressandeliminateinfectionwithoutdamagetoitself.Wearenowbeginningtounderstandthatvirusescanemployavarietyofstrategiestoevadehostimmuneresponses.TheseincludeescapefromTcellrecognition,resistanceto

简介：AbstractThis paper reviews the current epidemics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in China, particularly the globally available prevention strategies developed and implemented. This review focuses on HIV prevention measures in general, such as education, testing, and counseling and in specific responses to transmission modes, such as blood safety, harm reduction for people who inject drugs, and condom promotion to reduce sexual transmission. We also assess newly developed prevention measures, such as prevention treatment, pre-exposure prophylaxis, post-exposure prophylaxis, male circumcision, and promising potential future preventions, including microbicides and vaccines. Based on this assessment, we provide recommendations for their implementation in China. We conclude that there is no magic bullet for HIV prevention, particularly sexual transmission of the disease, but only a combination of these prevention strategies can control the HIV epidemic.

简介：ThepurposeofthisstudywastoconstructaneukaryoticDNAvectorencodingamultipleepitopeantigen(MFC)ofhepatitisCvirus(HCV)andahepatitisBsurfaceantigen(HBsAg),andexploretheeffectofHBsAggeneontheimmunityofHCVmultiple-epitopeDNAconstructinvitroandinvivoinmice.AnHCVDNAvector(pVAX1-HBs-MFC)wasconstructedbyfusingHBsAggenetotheNterminalofanHCVmultiple-epitopeantigengene.ThepVAX1-HBs-MFCwastransfectedintoHEK293TcellsanditsexpressionwasmeasuredbyELISAandWesternblotting.BALB/cmicewereintramuscularlyimmunizedwiththepVAX1-HBs-MFC,andanELISAapproachwasappliedtodeterminethespecificantibodytitersandsubtypesinthemouseserum.Thecross-reactivityoftheantibodieswasalsocheckedwithtwosynthesizedHCVhypervariableregion1(HVR1)peptides.TheIFN-γproductionandcellproliferationofthemousespleencellswereevaluatedbyELISAandMTS(3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-5-[3-carboxymethoxyphenyl]-2-[4-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium,innersalt)assays,respectively.TheexpressionofpVAX1-HBs-MFCwasdetectableinthetransfectedHEK293Tcells.TheserumantibodyresponsewaseffectivelyelicitedinBALB/cmiceinjectedwithpVAX1-HBs-MFC.ThehighesttiterofantibodyagainstHCV(MFC)was1:1280,andtheratioofIgG2a/IgG1was1.50±0.12atthefifthweekafterfirstimmunization.Moreover,thecollectedmouseserumantibodyhadtheabilitytocross-reactwiththetwosynthesizedHCVHVR1peptides.ThestimulationindexofthemousesplenocytestoMFCwas1.79±0.07,andtheIFN-γlevelwas287±6pg/mlatweek21afterfirstimmunization.ThehighesttiteroftheantibodyincontrolBALB/cmiceimmunizedwithpVAX1-MFCwas1:320,andtheratioofIgG2a/IgG1was1.33±0.11atweek5post-immunization.Furthermore,thestimulationindexofthemousesplenocytescellstoMFCwas1.52+0.06,andtheIFN-γlevelwas225±9.3pg/mlatweek21post-immunization.TheHBsAggenecanenhancetheeffectsofanHCVmultiple-epitope

简介：瞄准：把在病人之间的标准肝炎B(HBV)种痘的反应与长期的丙肝作比较病毒(HCV)感染和健康个人。方法：这是未来的盒子控制研究。有长期的HCV感染和40健康控制的38个病人的一个总数被包括。种痘被20大杯recombinantHBsAg的注射在瞬间0，1和6点执行进三角肌肌肉。Anti-HBs集中是在最后剂量以后决定了3瞬间并且在二个组之间比较了。反应模式是被描绘(1)高反应当anti-HBs抗体效价是>时100IU/L，(2)低反应当效价是10-100IU/L时并且(3)没有反应当效价是<时10IU/L。结果：在耐心的组，有10/38(26.3%)非应答者，8/38(21.1%)低应答者并且20/38(52.6%)高应答者。在控制组的相应价值是2/40(5.0%)，7/40(17.5%)和31/40(77.5%)分别地。反应模式在二个组之间是统计上不同的。在里面多变量分析，吸烟是重要confounder，当HCV感染与更低的抗体反应失去了它的重要关联时。结论：有长期的HCV感染的病人趋于与健康个人相比对HBV种痘微弱地作出回应，尽管这关联不是独立的根据多变量分析。

简介：Thepurposeofthisstudyistodistinguishrespiratorysyncytialvirus(RSV)infectionandimmunologybetweenimmunocompetentandimmunocompromisedmurineandtoexploreimmunemechanismofRSVinfection.AtvarioustimepointsafterRSVinfectionofBALB/cmiceandnudemice,pulmonaryviraltiterswereassayed,RSVantigenwastestedbydirectimmune-fluorescentassayandimmunohistochemistry.PulmonarymRNAexpressionsofTolllikereceptor(TLR)2andTLR4wereassayedbyRT-PCR.CD4+cellsandCD8+cellsinperipheralbloodwereexaminedbyflowcytometryandplasmatotalIgEwasassayedbyELISA.Leukocytesinbronchoalveolarlavagefluid(BALF)andpulmonaryhistologywereidentifiedtoreflectairwayinflammation.ItwasfoundthatRSVtitersofbothmicepeakedonthe3rddaypostinfectionwithamuchhigherlevelofviraltiterinnudemicethaninBALB/cmiceandalongerviraldurationinnudemice(over9dayspostinfection)thaninBALB/cmice(6dayspostinfection).RSVinfectioninducedhigherviralantigenexpressioninnudemice(0.267±0.045)thaninBALB/cmice(0.168±0.031).RSVinfectionenhancedpulmonaryTLR4expressionofBALB/cmice(51.96%±11.34%)andnudemice(48.96%±12.35%)comparedwitheachcontrol(34.04%±10.06%and32.37%±9.87%respectively).CD4+peripheralbloodcellsincreasedinRSVinfectedBALB/cmice(66.51%±2.09%)comparedwiththecontrolBALB/cmice(51.63%±5.90%),andCD4+cellsandCD8+cellsweredeficientinnudemice.RSVinfectionincreasedplasmatotalIgEinbothmice,andBALB/cmicehadalargeramountofIgEonthe7thdaypostinfection(9.02ng/ml±2.90ng/ml)andonthe14thdaypostinfection(12.76ng/ml±4.15ng/ml)thancorrespondingnudemice(3.72ng/ml±1.06ng/mland7.62ng/ml±3.08ng/mlrespectivelyonthe7thand14thdaypostinfection).RSVinfectednudemicehadmoresevereairwayinflammationthaninfectedBALB/cmice.ItisconcludedthatBALB/cmiceandnudemicepresentedsimilarRSVinfectiouscharacteristics.However,

简介：AbstractInfection of humans by Powassan virus (POWV) occurs rarely but is potentially life-threatening. First isolated in Ontario, Canada in 1958, the presence of POWV has been confirmed in three countries: Canada, the USA, and Russia. Although a limited number of human cases has been reported thus far, the infection rate has shown signs of increasing during the 21st century. Interestingly, POWV and a genetically close variant, deer tick virus (DTV), are the only member of the tick-borne flaviviruses known to be endemic in North America and maintain in respective tick-host cycles. In this review, we briefly summarize current knowledge involving the epidemiology and etiology, pathogenesis and immunity, molecular evolution, and protein functions of POWV, aiming to increase our understanding of the virus and unlock the potential to control this lethal pathogen. These data may also provide tools to minimize the future threat of other emerging and re-emerging viruses.

简介：动态系统被考虑的流行病毒传播人口的一个类。用功能的homotopic分析方法，第一，起始的近似功能被选择。然后，任意的顺序近似分析答案连续地被获得。最后，获得的近似分析答案的精确性被描述。为流行病毒传播人口的各种各样的物理参数的影响动态系统被讨论。

简介：流行病学的研究为长期的肝炎B的一个原因的角色提供了压到优势的证据在hepatocellular癌(HCC)的发展的病毒(HBV)感染。然而，HBV感染的致病和联系HBV的HCC的carcinogenesis仍然是逃犯的。这评论将在涉及HBV相关的肝carcinogenesis的机制上总结当前的知识。在肿瘤形成的HBV的角色出现到复杂，并且可以包含直接、间接的机制。进主人染色体的HBVDNA的集成发生在同种细胞的肿瘤的早步扩大，和它被显示了提高主人chromosomal不稳定性，导致大转换复制，删除和chromosomaltranslocations。chromosomal改变的率在HBV相关的肿瘤显著地被增加，这被显示出。病毒的规章的HBVx蛋白质的延长表示可以贡献调整表明小径的细胞的抄写，蛋白质降级，增长，和apoptotic，并且它在hepatocellular癌的发展起一个关键作用。

简介：ＡＤＥＮＯＳＱＵＡＭＯＵＳＣＡＲＣＩＮＯＭＡＯＦＴＨＥＮＡＳＯＰＨＡＲＹＮＸＣＯＮＴＡＩＮＩＮＧＥＢＶＩＲＵＳ，ＡＰＲＯＰＯＳＯＦＡＣＡＳＥＺｈａｎｇＦｅｎｇ张锋；ＺｈａｎｇＣｈａｎｇｑｉｎｇ张昌卿；ＺｈａｎｇＪｉｎｘｉａ张锦霞；ＺｏｎｇＹｏｎｇｓｈ...

简介：Toinvestigatetheeffectofphotodynamictherapy(PDT)withhematoporphrinmonomethylether(HMME)onbovineimmunodeficiencyvirus(BIV)canprovidethebasistheoryforphotoinactivationofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV).ToassesstheprotectionofHMME-PDTonthecelllineCf2ThinfectedwithBIVR29by3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazol-2-yl-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumbromide(MTT)withpowerdensityof5and25mW/cm~2andenergydensityfrom0.6to3J/cm~2.ToobservetheinhibitionofmembranefusionusinganewreportercelllineBIVEbyfluorescencemicroscope.HMME-PDThassignificantprotectanteffectsonCf2Th-BIVR29withbothpowerdensities,especiallyinthegroupofhighpowerdensity.FluorescentmicroscopeshowsthatthereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenthegroupofPDTandcontrol,whichmeansPDTcouldnotinhibittheBIV-mediatedmembranefusion.

简介：Objective:ThisstudyexaminedHerpesSimplexVirus(HSV)subclinicalsheddinginthegenitaltractofpatientswithgenitalherpes(GH)ornon-gonoccalurethritis(NGU).Method:SwabswerecollectedafterexposuretorashandgenitaltractduringGHrelapseorremissiononaweeklybasisforfourtosixweeks.NGUpatientswithnegativechlamydiaandmycoplasmatestswerealsoswabbedforasimilarduration.AllswabsunderwentHSVDNAdetectionwithquantitativePCR.Result:TherewasasignificantdifferenceintherateofasymptomaticHSVsheddinginurinarytractscomparingGHandthecontrolgroupandcomparingNGUandthecontrolgroup(P<0.05).TherateofHSVsheddingwas22%,9.8%and3.3%forGH,NGUandcontrolgroupsrespectively.TherateofHSVsheddingwas21.7%(20/92)forpatientswithactiveGHand23%forthoseinremission.TheHSVpositiveratewassignificantlyhigherinthegroupwithpatientswhohadmorethansixrelapseswithinoneyearcomparedtothegroupofpatientswithlessthansixGHrelapses.Conclusion:ThereisHSVsubclinicalsheddingintheirgenitaltractduringactiveGHandremission.SubclinicalHSVsheddingismorecommoninpatientswithmorethansixGHrelapsesperyearcomparedtoGHpatientswithfewerrelapses.Approximately9.9%ofNGUpatientswithnegativechlamydia,mycoplasmatestingwasfoundtohavesubclinicalHSVinfection.