简介：AbstractPrions are unconventional infectious agents that cause lethal transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in human and animals. Prions can be distinguished from other known pathogens by their lack of nucleic acids. The most essential process for prion propagation is conversion from normal cellular prion protein on the cell membrane to insoluble, limited protease digestion-resistant, pathogenic scrapie prion protein. For dozens of years, many pharmacological tools and interventions targeting different stages of disease progression have been developed and evaluated, and a few have been entered clinical trials. However, no approved prophylactic or therapeutic drugs for prion diseases are available. In this review, we summarize the current concepts in prion research and discuss advances in the research and development of drugs for the prevention and treatment of prion disease.

简介：AbstractChronic wounds have always been a tough fight in clinical practice, which can not only make patients suffer from pain physically and mentally but also impose a heavy burden on the society. More than one factor is relevant to each step of the development of chronic wounds. Along with the in-depth research, we have realized that figuring out the pathophysiological mechanism of chronic wounds is the foundation of treatment, while wound infection is the key point concerned. The cause of infection should be identified and prevented promptly once diagnosed. This paper mainly describes the mechanism, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of chronic wound infection, and will put an emphasis on the principle of debridement.

简介：Accordingtothe"InternationalStandardofChineseHeadAcupoints"207patientssufferingfromstrokeweretreatedbyneedlingalongtheanteriorandposteriorobliguelinesofvertex-temporal,andtheline1andline2lateraltovertex.Themarkedlyeffectiverateaccountedfor73.43%ofthetotal,andtheoveralleffectiveraterepresented89.86%.Afterthetreatmentsomesymptomsashemiplegia,lingualdysfunction,facialandtongueparalysiswereobviouslyimproved(P<0.01).ThetherapeuticeffectofheadacupuncturewasobviouslybetterthanthatofWesternmedicine(P<0.01).Comparisonoftherapeuticeffectsmadeamongneedlingalongdifferentlinesandbetweenthoseappliedontheintactandaffectedsidesofthebodyshowedthattheywerealleffectiveinimprovingthesymptoms,buttherewasnosignificantdifference(P<0.05)

简介：AbstractBone disease is the most common complication in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), and it may lead to skeletal-related events (SREs) such as bone pain, pathological fractures, and spinal cord compression, which impair a patients' quality of life and survival. The pathogenesis of myeloma bone disease (MBD) involves disruption of bone reconstitution balance including excessive activation of osteoclasts, inhibition of osteoblasts, and participation of osteocytes and bone marrow stromal cells. Various factors, such as the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG), dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), sclerostin, and activin-A, are involved in the development of MBD. Bisphosphonates and the anti-RANKL antibody denosumab are currently the main treatment options for MBD, delaying the onset of SREs. Denosumab is preferred in patients with MM and renal dysfunction. Although effective drugs have been approved, antimyeloma therapy is the most important method for controlling bone disease.

简介：AbstractPancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive malignancies. The poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients is mainly attributed to low diagnostic rate at the early stage, highly aggressive nature coupled with the inadequate efficacy of current chemotherapeutic regimens. Novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for pancreatic cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important regulatory role in key processes of cancer development. The aberrant expression of miRNAs is often involved in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. The discovery of tumor suppressor miRNAs provides prospects for the development of a novel treatment strategy for pancreatic cancer. We reviewed recent progress on the understanding of the role of miRNAs in pancreatic cancer, highlighted the efficient application of miRNAs-based therapies for pancreatic cancer in animal models and clinical trials, and proposed future prospects. This review focuses on the promise of integrating miRNAs into the treatment of pancreatic cancer and provides guidance for the development of precision medicine for pancreatic cancer.

简介：Parkinsonsdisease(PD)isacommon,progressiveneurodegenerativediseasecharacterisedbydegenerationofnigrostriataldopaminergicneurons,aggregationofα-synucleinandmotorsymptoms.Currentdopamine-replacementstrategiesprovidesymptomaticrelief,howevertheireffectivenesswearoffovertimeandtheirprolongeduseleadstodisablingside-effectsinPDpatients.ThereisthereforeacriticalneedtodevelopnewdrugsanddrugtargetstoprotectdopaminergicneuronsandtheiraxonsfromdegenerationinPD.Overrecentyears,therehasbeenrobustevidencegeneratedshowingthatepigeneticdysregulationoccursinPDpatients,andthatepigeneticmodulationisapromisingtherapeuticapproachforPD.Thisarticlefirstdiscussesthepresentevidenceimplicatingglobal,anddopaminergicneuron-specific,alterationsinthemethylomeinPD,andthetherapeuticpotentialofpharmacologicallytargetingthemethylome.Itthenfocusesonanothermechanismofepigeneticregulation,histoneacetylation,anddescribeshowthehistoneacetyltransferase(HAT)andhistonedeacetylase(HDAC)enzymesthatmediatethisprocessareattractivetherapeutictargetsforPD.Itdiscussestheuseofactivatorsand/orinhibitorsofHDACsandHATsinmodelsofPD,andhowtheseapproachesfortheselectivemodulationofhistoneacetylationelicitneuroprotectiveeffects.Finally,itoutlinesthepotentialofemployingsmallmoleculeepigeneticmodulatorsasneuroprotectivetherapiesforPD,andthefutureresearchthatwillberequiredtodetermineandrealisethistherapeuticpotential.

简介：Venomousanimalsontheearthhavebeenfoundtobevaluableresourcesforthedevelopmentoftherapeutics.Enzymaticandnon-enzymaticproteinsandpeptidesarethemajorcomponentsofanimalvenoms,manyofwhichcantargetvariousionchannels,receptors,andmembranetransporters.Comparedtotraditionalsmallmoleculedrugs,naturalproteinsandpeptidesexhibithigherspecificityandpotencytotheirtargets.Inthisreview,wesummarizethevarietiesandcharacteristicsoftoxinsfromafewrepresentativevenomousanimals,anddescribethecomponentsandapplicationsofanimaltoxinsaspotentialdrugcandidatesinthetreatmentofhumandiseases,includingcancer,neurodegenerativediseases,cardiovasculardiseases,neuropathicpain,aswellasautoimmunediseases.Inthemeantime,therearemanyobstaclestotranslatenewtoxindiscoverytotheirclinicalapplications.Thechallenges,strategies,andperspectivesinthedevelopmentoftheproteintoxin-baseddrugsarediscussedaswell.

简介：Acupuncturetherapywasadoptedintreating17patientssufferingfrompostherpeticneuralgia.Localacupointwasselectedasthemainpointandsomepointsontherelatedmeridiansasadjunctpoints,whichwerepuncturedonceaday,10successivedaysasatreatmentcourse.Itwasre-vealedthatthetotaleffectiveratewas88.24%and22.22%inacupuncturegroupandcontrolgrouprespectively(P<0.01).Andthehigheffectiverateswereobservedinthe2ndand3rdcourseofthetreatmentandinthepatientswhosecoursesofdiseaseswereinonemonth.ltissuggestedthatacupuncturewassimple,physiologicallymoderateandeffectivetherapyinthetreatmentofposther-peticneuralgia.

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简介：AIM:Toevaluatetheeffectivenessofbariumimpactiontherapyforpatientswithcolonicdiverticularbleeding.METHODS:WereviewedtheclinicalchartsofpatientsinwhomtherapeuticbariumenemawasperformedforthecontrolofdiverticularbleedingbetweenAugust2010andMarch2012atYokohamaRosaiHospital.Twentypatientswereincludedinthereview,consistingof14menand6women.Themedianageofthepatientswas73.5years.Thedurationofthefollowupperiodrangedfrom1to19mo(median:9.8mo).Amongthe20patientswere11patientswhorequiredtheprocedureforre-bleedingduringhospitalization,6patientswhorequireditforre-bleedingthatdevelopedafterthepatientleftthehospital,and3patientswhorequiredtheprocedureforthepreventionofrebleeding.Barium(concentration:150w%/v%)wasadministeredpertherectum,andtheleadingedgeofthecontrastmediumwasfolloweduptothececumbyfluoroscopy.Afterconfirmationthattheascendingcolonandcecumwerefilledwithbarium,theenematubewaswithdrawn,andthepatient’spositionwaschangedevery20minfor3h.RESULTS:Twelvepatientsremainedfreeofrebleedingduringthefollow-upperiod(range:1-19mo)afterthetherapeuticbariumenema,including9menand3womenwithamedianageof72.0years.Re-bleedingoccurredin8patientsincluding5menand3womenwithamedianageof68.5years:4developedearlyre-bleeding,definedasre-bleedingthatoccurswithinoneweekaftertheprocedure,andtheremaining4developedlatere-bleeding.TheDFI(disease-freeinterval)decreased0.4for12mo.Onlyonepatientdevelopedacomplicationfromtherapeuticbariumenema(colonicperforation).CONCLUSION:Therapeuticbariumenemaiseffectiveforthecontrolofdiverticularhemorrhageincaseswheretheactivebleedingsitecannotbeidentifiedbycolonoscopy.

简介：目的：观察针刺治疗失眠症的疗效。方法：将96例失眠症患者按就诊顺序分成2组，治疗组51例，采用针刺治疗；对照组45例，口服艾司唑仑片治疗。治疗2星期后，进行疗效比较。结果：治疗组总有效率为94．1％，对照组总有效率77．7％，两组总有效率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：针刺治疗失眠症疗效优于口服艾司唑仑片。

简介：Single-portlaparoscopicsurgery(SPLS)isproposedtobeasteptowardsminimizingtheinvasivenessofsurgery,andhassincegainedpopularityinseveralsurgicalsub-specialtiesincludinghepatopancreatobiliarysurgery.SPLShassincebeenappliedtocholecystectomy,liverresectionaswellaspancreatectomyforamultitudeofpathologies.BenefitsofSPLSoverconventionalmulti-incisionlaparoscopicsurgeryincludeimprovedcosmesisandpotentiallypost-operativepainatspecifictimeperiodsandextra-umbilicalsites.However,itisalsoassociatedwithlongeroperatingtime,increasedrateofcomplications,andincreasedrateofport-sitehernia.Thereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenlengthofhospitalstay.SPLShasasignificantlearningcurvethataffectsoperatingtime,rateofconversionandrateofcomplications.Inthisarticle,wereviewtheliteratureonSPLSinhepatobiliarysurgery-cholecystectomy,hepatectomyandpancreatectomy,andoffertipsonovercomingpotentialtechnicalobstaclesandminimizingthecomplicationswhenperformingSPLS-surgeonposition,positionofportandinstruments,instrumentcrossingposition,standardhandgripvsreversehandgrip,snookercueguideposition,preventionofincisionalhernia.SPLSisapromisingdirectioninlaparoscopicsurgery,andwerecommendstep-wiseprogressionofapplicationsofSPLStovarioushepatopancreatobiliarysurgeriestoensuresafeadoptionofthesurgicaltechnique.

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简介：PointZusanli(ST36)istheHe-SeapointofStomachMeridianofFootYangmingandalsooneofthereinforcingpointsofthewholebodyaswell.Itsmajortherapeuticeffectsareasfollows.Toregulatethestomachandintestinesandtolowertheup-adverseflowofaiThat'thebellyandabdomenareguardedbyZusanli(ST36)',thefirstphraseofSongofFourMajorPoints(SiZongXueGe),brieflyindicatesthatpointZusanli(ST36)hastheimportanttherapeuticeffectsonthediseaseofthegastrointestinalsystem.AlargenumberofresearchershowedthatpuncturingpointZusanli(ST36)hadthesignificantinfluence

简介：Preventionoflatecomplicationsafterlargeendoscopicresectionisinefficientwithcurrentmethods.Endoscopicshielding,asasimpleandsafetechnique,hasbeenproposedtoimprovetheincidenceoftheseevents.Differentmethods,sheetsorhydrogels,haveshowedprovenefficacyinthepreventionoflatebleedingandperforation,aswellastheimprovementoftissuerepair,inexperimentalmodelsandinclinicalpractice.

简介：Intracerebralhemorrhage(ICH)isthemostseverecerebrovasculardisease,whichrepresentsaleadingcauseofdeathanddisabilityindevelopedcountries.However,therapeuticoptionsarelimited,soismandatorytoinvestigaterepairingprocessesafterstrokeinordertodevelopnewtherapeuticstrategiesabletopromotebrainrepairprocesses.TherapeuticangiogenesisandvasculogenesisholdpromisetoimproveoutcomeofICHpatients.Inthisregard,circulatingendothelialprogenitorcells(EPCs)haverecentlybeensuggestedtobeamarkerofvascularriskandendothelialfunction.Moreover,EPClevelshavebeenassociatedwithgoodneurologicalandfunctionaloutcomeaswellasreducedresidualhematomavolumeinICHpatients.Finally,experimentalandclinicalstudiesindicatethatEPCmightmediateendothelialcellregenerationandneovascularization.Therefore,EPC-basedtherapycouldbeanexcellenttherapeuticoptioninICH.Inthismini-review,wediscussthepresentstatusofknowledgeaboutthepossibletherapeuticroleofEPCsinICH,molecularmechanisms,andthefutureperspectivesandstrategiesfortheiruseinclinicalpractice.

简介：Accordingtothemostrecentepidemiologicaldata,theprevalenceofhypertensionrangedfromabout25%inChineselivingeitherinthemainlandorinTaiwanandKoreans,toapproximately40%inMongolians.Thecontrolrateofhypertensionwasabout35%inKoreansandJapanese,24%inMongolians,andlessthan10%inChinese.Fourplacebo-controlledtrialsinChinaunequivocallyprovedthatantihypertensivetherapymaypreventstrokeandothercardiovascularcomplicationsinhypertensionorpatientswithahistoryofstrokeortransientischemicattack.Fouractively-controlledtrialsinJapandidnotshowsignificantdifferencebetweenvariousclassesorcombinationsofantihypertensivedrugs.TwotrialsthatcomparedintensivewithlessintensivebloodpressurecontrolinelderlyJapanesehypertensivepatientsdidnotshowfurtherbenefitofcontrollingsystolicbloodpressuretoalevelbelow140mmHgincomparisonwithbloodpressurecontroltoalevelof140mmHgorabove.Thesetrialsthatcomparedvariousclassesofantihypertensivedrugsorintensivewithlessintensivebloodpressurecontroloftenhadsmallsamplesizeandhenceinadequatepowertodetectmodestormoderatebenefit.ThereisstillaneedforhighqualityoutcometrialdatainEastAsians.

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简介：目的：观察采用个体化方案治疗周围性面瘫的疗效。方法：治疗组121例患者根据其病情特点采用个体化方案进行针剌治疗，与118例常规针灸治疗者进行对照研究，比较其疗程与疗效的差异。结果：治疗组愈显率为90．9％，对照组愈显率为69．5％，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）；两组各疗程愈显率比较，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论：采用个体化方案治疗周围性面瘫效果明显优于常规针刺方法，且疗程短。