简介：Carotenepigmentsinflowersandfruitsaredistinctfeaturesrelatedtofitnessadvantagessuchasattractinginsectsforpollinationandbirdsforseeddispersal.Inpapaya,thefleshcolorofthefruitisconsideredaqualitytraitthatcorrelateswithnutritionalvalueandislinkedtoshelf-lifeofthefruit.Toelucidatethecarotenoidbiosynthesispathwayinpapaya,wetookacandidategeneapproachtoclonethelycopeneβ-cyclasegene,LCY-B.ApapayaLCY-Bortholog,cpLCY-B,wassuccessfullyidentifiedfrombothcDNAandbacterialartificialchromosome(BAC)librariesandcompletegenomicsequencewasobtainedfromthepositiveBACincludingthepromoterregion.ThiscpLCY-Bshared80%aminoacididentitywithcitrusLCY-B.However,fullgenomicsequencesfrombothyellow-andred-fleshedpapayawereidentical.Quantitativereal-timePCR(qPCR)revealedsimilarlevelsofexpressionatsixdifferentmaturingstagesoffruitsforbothyellow-andred-fleshedgenotypes.FurtherexpressionanalysesofcpLCY-Bshowedthatitsexpressionlevelswereseven-andthree-foldhigherinleavesand,respectively,flowersthaninfruits,suggestingthatcpLCY-Bisdown-regulatedduringthefruitripeningprocess.

简介：Anuranmetamorphosisinvolvessystematictransformationsofindividualorgansinathyroidhormone(TH)-dependentmanner.Morphologicalandcellularstudieshaveshownthattheremovaloflarvalorgans/tissuessuchthetailandthetadpoleintestinalepitheliumisthroughprogrammedcelldeathorapoptosis.RecentmolecularinvestigationssuggestthatTHregulatesmetamorphosisbyregulatingtargetgeneexpressionthroughthyroidhormonereceptors(TRs),whichareDNA-bindingtranscriptionfactors.CloningandcharacterizationofTHresponsegenesshowthatdiversegroupsofearlyresponsegenesareinducedbyTH.TheproductsoftheseTHresponsegenesarebelievedtodirectlyorindirectlyaffecttheexpressionand/orfunctionsofcelldeathgenes,whichareconservedatbothsequenceandfunctionlevelsindifferentanimalspecies.Amajorchallengeforfutureresearchliesatdeterminingthesignalingpathwaysleadingtotheactivationofapoptoticprocessesandwhetherdifferentdeathgenesareinvolvedintheregulationofapoptosisindifferenttissues/organstoeffecttissue-specifictransformations.

简介：China'sFreeARTProgramwasinitiatedin2002asanemergencyresponsetosaveandimprovethelivesofAIDSpatientslivingmainlyinimpoverishedruralregionsofcentralChina.WithlittleexperienceinHIV/AIDStreatmentandcareandresourcelimitations,China'seffortstoprovidewidespreadaccesstofreeantiretroviraltherapyhasbeenaprocessfraughtwithdifficulty.However,theFreeARTProgramisprogressingfromanemergencyresponsetoastandardizedtreatmentandcaresystem.Thedevelopmentofnationalguidelines,trainingprograms,alaboratorysupportnetwork,anationalpatientdatabase,programsforspecialpopulationssuchaschildrenandpatientslivingwithcoinfections,andoperationalresearchhasimprovedthescopeandqualityofthefreetreatmentprogram.AsofJune30,2005,atotalof19,456patientsin28provinces,autonomousregions,andspecialmunicipalitieshadreceivedfreeART.ChallengesstemmingfromthenatureofChina'shealthsystemandpatientpopulationpersist,butwithstronggovernmentsupportandadiversesetofresources,Chinahasthecapacitytoovercomethesechallengesandtoprovidenationwideaccesstohighqualitytreatmentandcare.

简介：FastPlant(Brassicarapa,Cruciferae)leaftissuefixedinglutaraldehyde-acroleinandpost-fixedinos-mium,wasexaminedforresponsetoseveraleasily-preparedheavymetalstains.Leadanduranium,separatelyandincombination,gavetypicalresultsacrossthespectrumofcellorganellets.Asasinglestainfollowingosmium,bismuthproducedimagesseeminglyequivalenttoleadanduranium.Phosphotungsticacidproducedverygoodmembranedelineationbutproducedawashed-outbackgroundimagesimilartothatfromleadstaining.Carbohydratecompoundswereespeciallyresponsivetoruthenium;thecytoplasmandthematrixofallorganelleswerealsostainedverywell.Theprocedureswerenomoredemandingthantraditionalstainingmethodsandmaybeeasilyusedinresearchandteaching.FastPlantmaterialsareareliable,quickandeasysourceoflivingmaterial.

简介：GABAtransporter1(GAT1)takesimportantrolesinmultiplephysiologicalprocessesthroughtheuptakeandreleaseofGABA,buttheregulationofGAT1geneexpressionindifferenttissuesisrarelyknown.Toaddressthequestion,first,5'RapidamplificationofcDNAend(RACE)wasusedtodetermineGAT1transcriptionalstartingsitesinneonatalmousecerebralcortexandintestine,adultmousebrainandadultrattestis.Theproductsof5'RACEwereconfirmedbyDNAsequencing.WefoundthatthetranscriptofGAT1inneonatalmousecerebralcortexandadultmousebrainstartsatthesamesite(insideofexon1),whileinmouseintestine,GAT1startstranscriptioninintron1,andinrattestis,thetranscriptofGAT1hasanadditionaluntranslationexontothe5'direction.

简介：FastPlant(Brassicarapa,Cruciferae)leaftissuefixedinglutaradehyde-acroleinandpost-fixedinosmium,wasexaminedforresponsetoseveraleasilypreparedheavymetalstains.Leadanduranium,separatelyandincombination,gavetypicalresultsacrossthespectrumofcellorgeanelles.Asssinglestainfollowingosmium,bismuthproducedimagesseeminglyequivalenttoleadanduranium.Phosphotungsticacidproducedverygoodmembranedelineationbutproducedawashed-outbackgroundimagesimilartothatfromleadstaining.Carbohydratecompoundswereespeciallyresponsivetoruthenium;thecytoplasmandthematrixofallorganelleswerealsostainedverywell.Theprocedureswerenomoredemandingthantraditionalstainingmethodsandmaybeeasilyusedinresearchandteaching.FastPlantmaterialsareareliable,quicknandeasysourceoflivingmaterial.

简介：治疗学的克隆，胚胎的干细胞(转换字符)由此从原子转移(NT)被导出胚胎，可以在再生药的新时代起一个主要作用。Inthis学习我们建立了四十原子转移--从不同施主房间类型或段落的NTembryos被导出的转换字符(NT转换字符)线。我们发现NT转换字符能够形成胚胎植物或动物身体。另外，NT转换字符表示了pluripotency干细胞标记试管内并且能区分进胚胎的纸巾体内。从施主房间能形成完整的术语的早经过R1的NT胚胎开发了小狗，而那些为为实时出生是必要的reprogramming从迟了的经过R1ES施主房间失去了潜力。我们随后建立了近来从NT胚囊被开发的sequentialNT-R1-ESC线经过R1转换字符施主。然而，当在他们的早段落用作原子转移施主时，这些NT-R1-ESC排队，没能导致实时小狗。这显示用顺序的NT转换字符的治疗学的克隆过程不能救居住在以前的施主代的发展缺乏。

简介：TheTK-selectedchromosome-mediategenetransferlineswereanalysedusingDNAdotblotmethod,G-11bandingandinsituhybridization.TheresultsshowedthatCMGTcanprovideawidevarietyofintermediatesizeofthetransgenomefromgreaterthan80,000kbtolessthan2,000kb.SomeoftransfectantsareintergratedintomousechromosomewhichcanbedetectedbyG-11bandingandinsituhybridization

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简介：IncubationofdinoflagellateCrythecodiniumcohniichromosomesincytoplasmicextractsofunfertilizedXenopuslaeviseggsresultedinchromosomesdecondensationandrecondensation,nuclearenvelopeassembly,andnuclearreconstitution.DinoflagellateCrythecodiniumcohniiisakindofprimitiveeukaryotewhichpossessesnumerouspermanentlycondensedchromosomesanddiscontinuousdouble-layerednuclearmembranethroughoutthecellcycle.Theassemblednuclei,beingsurroundedbyacontinuousdoublemembranecontainingnuclearporesandtheuniformlydispersedchromatinfibersaremorphologicallydistinguishablefromthatofDinoflagellateCrythecodiniumcohnii.However,incubationofdinoflagellateCyrthecodiniumcohniichromosomesintheextractsfromdinoflagellateCrythecodiniumcohniicellsdoesnotinducenuclearreconstitution.

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