简介：Thesecond-generationGlobalOceanDataAssimilationSystemoftheBeijingClimateCenter(BCC_GODAS2.0)hasbeenrundailyinapre-operationalmode.Itspanstheperiod1990tothepresentday.ThegoalofthispaperistointroducethemaincomponentsandtoevaluateBCC_GODAS2.0fortheusercommunity.BCC_GODAS2.0consistsofanobservationaldatapreprocess,oceandataqualitycontrolsystem,athree-dimensionalvariational(3DVAR)dataassimilation,andglobaloceancirculationmodel[ModularOceanModel4(MOM4)].MOM4isdrivenbysix-hourlyfluxesfromtheNationalCentersforEnvironmentalPrediction.Satellitealtimetrydata,SST,andin-situtemperatureandsalinitydataareassimilatedinrealtime.ThemonthlyresultsfromtheBCC_GODAS2.0reanalysisarecomparedandassessedwithobservationsfor1990-2011.TheclimatologyofthemixedlayerdepthofBCC-GODAS2.0isgenerallyinagreementwiththatofWorldOceanAtlas2001.ThemodeledsealevelvariationsinthetropicalPacificareconsistentwithobservationsfromsatellitealtimetryoninterannualtodecadaltimescales.PerformancesinpredictingvariationsintheSSTusingBCC_GODAS2.0areevaluated.ThestandarddeviationoftheSSTinBCC-GODAS2.0agreeswellwithobservationsinthetropicalPacific.BCC-GODAS2.0isabletocapturethemainfeaturesofE1NinoModokiIandModokiⅡ,whichhavedifferentimpactsonrainfallinsouthernChina.Inaddition,therelationshipsbetweentheIndianOceanandthetwotypesofE1NinoModokiarealsoreproduced.

简介：Seacucumbers,ApostichopusjaponicusSelenka,werefeddietscontainingnon-immunostimulant(basaldiet),0.2%β-glucanand0.02%glycyrrhizininarecirculatorywatersystemfor45days,andsubsequentlychallengedwithVibriosplendidusbyinjectionat1.0×108cfu/seacucumberfor15days.Phagocyticcapacity(PC),intracellularsuperoxideanionproduction(ISAP),ly-sozyme(LSZ)activityandsuperoxidedismutase(SOD)activityinthecoelomicfluidwereanalyzedonthe0th,5th,10thand15thdaysafterinjection.Resultsshowedthatafterthe45-dayfeedingperiod,PC,ISAP,LSZactivityandSODactivityinseacucumbersfedwithdietaryβ-glucanorglycyrrhizinweresignificantlyhigherthaninthosefedwiththebasaldiet.Onthe5thdayafterinfection,alltheimmuneparametersexaminedintheseacucumbersinjectedwithV.splendidusdecreasedinvaluesignificantly.Onthe15thday,PC,ISAPandLSZactivityreturnedtolevelssimilartothoseonthe0thday.Fortheseacucumbersinjectedwithsaline,therewerenosignificantdifferencesinalltheimmuneparametersexaminedandinthecumulativemorbidityduringthe15-daychallengingtrial.AfterinjectingwithV.splendidus,thecumulativemorbidityofseacucumbersfedwiththebasaldietwassignificantlyhigherthanthosefedwithdietaryβ-glucanorglycyrrhizinwhenchallengedwithV.splendiduschallengedseacucumberfedwiththebasaldietwassignificantlyhigherthanthosefedwithdietaryβ-glucanorglycyrrhizin.Therewasnosignificantdifferenceincumulativemorbiditybetweenthedietaryβ-glucanandglycyrrhizintreatmentsovertime.

简介：这份报纸调查与轨道预报了使用全球/地区性的吸收和预言系统(葡萄)的热带气旋(TC)联系的错误的可能的来源。葡萄预报在2008和2009个季节期间在西方的诺思太平洋盆为16landfallingTC被做，与72个小时的预报长度，并且使用缺省起始的条件(initials，此后)，它从NCEP-FNL数据集，以及ECMWFinitials。预报与ECMWF预报相比。当与缺省initials相比使用ECMWFinitials时，结果证明在大多数TC，GRAPES预报被改进。与ECMWFinitials相比，缺省initials生产更低的紧张TC和更低的紧张副热带的高度，而是更高的紧张南亚高度和季风马槽，以及更高的温度但是在TC中心的更低的特定的湿度。有ECMWFinitials在并且在在起始的时间的TC中心附近的geopotential高度和风地的代替被发现是改进预报的最有效的方法。另外，在预报精确性显示出最大的改进的TC通常在TC紧张有最大的起始的无常并且通常在加强的阶段。结果为用葡萄做的TC轨道预报表明起始的紧张的重要性，并且显示模型在比TC的腐烂的阶段描述加强的阶段更好。最后，改进的限制显示与葡萄预报联系的模型错误可以是landfallingTC的差的预报的主要原因。因此，模型错误的进一步的考试被要求。

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简介：TheprimarygoalofthedemonstrationprojectendorsedbytheScientificandTechnicalCommitteeforIDNDRin1992istoensurethatnationalagenciesareabletoassessseismichazardinaregionallycoordinatedfashionbyusingadvancedmethods.China,asaRegionalCenterofCentralSouthernAsia,hascontactedwithcountriesoftheregiontorealisticallypracticeseismichazardassessmentsofContinentalAsia.AtestarealocatedinthecollisionboundarybetweentheIndianandEurasianplateswaschosentoexaminetheseismichazardassessmentapproachintheregionalcoordinates.TheseismotectonicsandthreeversionsofseismicsourcesofthetestareaaredescribedinthispaperandundertheGlobalSeismicHazardAssessmentProgram(GSHAP),guidelinesanearthquakecatalogueofthetestareawasassembled.Becauseoftheincompletenessofearthquakedataindifferentcountries,weadoptdifferenttimewindowsfordifferentmagnitudeintervalsinordertoobtaintheseismicityparametersofsources.Byu

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简介：这篇评论文章在大气、海洋的研究与进化的全面历史的评论和各种各样的密度表面的申请开始。Thebackground为中立密度想法的出生提供一个基础。注意从海水的状态的方程的非线性对中立密度表面概念的发展被给予。中立密度表面的定义和性质是当摆平的快活频率N~2是零时，从海水和快活频率的状态的方程发展了详细被描述，稳定性的一个中立状态。以便把中立密度表面用于中间的水团分析，这评论也详细描述它的实际海洋学的应用程序。印射的技术第一次集中于定期在这评论使用gridded数据。一根脊梁和肋骨框架怎么被设计从在世界的海洋扔并且首先印射全球中立表面的一本参考书充实，被考察。几印射的中立密度表面为每世界海洋表现为例子。Thewater团性质在每海洋被分析在中间深度。中立密度表面的特征与潜在的密度表面的那些相比。

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简介：Inthispaper,theforecastingequationsofa2nd-orderspace-timedifferentialremainderarededucedfromtheNavier-StokesprimitiveequationsandEulerianoperatorbyTaylor-seriesexpansion.Hereweintroduceacubicsplinenumericalmodel(SplineModelforshort),whichiswithaquasi-Lagrangiantime-splitintegrationschemeoffittingcubicspline/bicubicsurfacetoallphysicalvariablefieldsintheatmosphericequationsonsphericaldiscretelatitude-longitudemesh.Anewalgorithmof'fittingcubicspline—timestepintegration—fittingcubicspline—……'isdevelopedtodeterminetheirfirst-and2nd-orderderivativesandtheirupstreampointsfortimediscreteintegraltothegoverningequationsinSplineModel.AndthecubicsplinefunctionanditsmathematicalpolaritiesarealsodiscussedtounderstandtheSplineModel’smathematicalfoundationofnumericalanalysis.ItispointedoutthattheSplineModelhasmathematicallawsof'convergence'ofthecubicsplinefunctionscontractingtotheoriginalfunctionsaswellasits1st-orderand2nd-orderderivatives.The'optimality'ofthe2nd-orderderivativeofthecubicsplinefunctionsisoptimalapproximationtothatoftheoriginalfunctions.Inaddition,aHermitebicubicpatchisequivalenttooperateonagridfora2nd-orderderivativevariablefield.Besides,theslopesandcurvaturesofacentraldifferenceareidentifiedrespectively,withasmoothingcoefficientof1/3,three-pointsmoothingofthatofacubicspline.Thentheslopesandcurvaturesofacentraldifferencearecalculatedfromthesmoothingcoefficient1/3andthree-pointsmoothingofthatofacubicspline,respectively.Furthermore,aglobalsimulationcaseofadiabatic,non-frictionaland'incompressible'modelatmosphereisshownwiththequasi-LagrangiantimeintegrationbyusingaglobalSplineModel,whoseinitialconditioncomesfromtheNCEPreanalysisdata,alongwithquasi-uniformlatitude-longitudegridsandtheso-called'shallowatmosphere'Navier-Stokesprimitiveequationsinthes