简介：我们检验了本地社区刺激节目在Baneh城市里在三个forested村庄里改进传统的森林管理，西方的伊朗的北Zagros森林里的库尔德斯坦省。Zagros森林盖住607万哈并且支持富人植物和动物差异。在本地社区聚会和经济系统和传统的森林管理的无效的变化在最近的十年在森林新生的稳定性导致了一种批评状况。由于缺乏生产并且可耕地和产生失业和贫穷，人overexploitedZagros森林。在传统的森林管理的外面的干预创造在本地民族和森林管理组织之间的冲突。为了完成持续森林管理，包括的森林资源保存和自然资源的改进，基于社区的生计，基于森林的重要函数实现林地刺激程序(FIP)是合乎需要的。社区，本地生计上的森林的效果，和从森林提取的产品的表的socio-economics的详细信息不过从本地社区的调查被获得问询表，会见和观察。我们在三个村庄里学习了276个家庭并且在定量分析由业主完成了76张问询表。采样被简单随机的采样(SRS)执行。农村社区的需要例如家畜耕作，主要从特征和村庄的环境特征产生。我们识别了驱动力，压力，地位，影响和回答(DPSIR)设计刺激节目，由DPSIR分析和相互作用分析。来自森林的本地社区好处的评估显示了那以便改进森林管理，319美元将被每个家庭在2010作为刺激每年需要阻止砍并且收集的柴，森林降级的主要原因。

简介：QuantitativeassessmentoftreespeciesdiversityfromsampleplotsinsevenforestrangesofNayagarhForestDivisioninOdishastateintheEasternGhatsofIndiawasmadeduringtheperiodApril,2011toNovember,2013.Atotalof120transects(1000m95m)werelaidinNayagarh,Odogaon,Pancharida,Khandapada,Dasapalla,Mahipur,andGaniaforestrangesandtreestemsofatleast30cmGBHweremeasured.Theregenerationpotentialoftreeswasassessedfrom5m95msampleplotslocatedwithinthemaintransect.Atotalof177treespeciesbelongingto120generaand44familieswererecordedfromthestudyarea.Shorearobusta,Buchananialanzan,Lanneacoromandelica,TerminaliaalataandCleistanthuscollinuswerethepredominanttreespecies.Thestanddensityvariedintherangeof355.33-740.53stemsha-1whilebasalarearangedfrom7.77to31.62m2ha-1.Thetreedensityandspeciesrichnessdecreasedwithincreasinggirthclass.Thehighestnumberofspeciesandmaximumdensitywasrecordedinthegirthclassof30-60cm.TheShannon-WeinerandSimpsonIndiceswithrespecttotreeswithC30cmGBHvariedintherangeof2.07-3.79cmand0.03-0.37cmrespectivelyandthevaluesofdiversityindicesarewithinthereportedrangefortropicalforestsofIndiansub-continent.Thefamilies,Dipterocarpaceae,Anacardiaceae,CombretaceaeandEuphorbiaceaecontributedtomaximumspeciesrichness,standdensity,andbasalarea.Regenerationofmanytreespecieswasobservedtobepoor.Thepresentstudyprovidesbaselinedataforfurtherecologicalstudies,forestmanagement,andformulationofsite-specificstrategiesforconservationofbiologicaldiversityinmoistdeciduousforestsofEasternIndia.

简介：Inthecontextofglobalcarboncyclemanagement,accurateknowledgeofcarboncontentinforestsisarelevantissueincontemporaryforestecology.Wemeasuredtheabove-groundandsoilcarbonpoolsinthedarkconiferousborealtaiga.Wecomparedmeasuredcarbonpoolstothosecalculatedfromtheforestinventoryrecordscontainingvolumestockandspeciescompositiondata.Theinventorydataheavilyunderestimatedthepoolsinthestudyarea(StolbyStateNatureReserve,centralKrasnoyarskTerritory,RussianFederation).Thecarbonpoolestimatedfromtheforestinventorydatavariedfrom25(tha-1)(low-densitystands)to73(tha-1)(highlystockedstands).Ourestimatesrangedfrom59(tha-1)(lowdensitystands)to147(tha-1)(highlystockedstands).Ourvaluesincludedlivingtrees,standingdeadwood,livingcover,brushwoodandlitter.Wefoundthattheproportionofbiomasscarbon(livingtrees):soilcarbonvariedfrom99:1to8:2forfullystockedandlow-densityforeststands,respectively.Thiscontradictsthecommonunderstandingthatthebiomassintheborealforestsrepresentsonly16–20%ofthetotalcarbonpool,withthebalancebeingthesoilcarbonpool.

简介：1Background1.1BasicsituationofstudysiteYao’ancountyislocatedinthenorthwesternpartofcentralYunnanplateau.ItisoneoftheimportantgrainProductionbasecountiesofYunnanProvince.HanandYiarethemainethnicgroupsinthisprovince.BanliuAdministrativeVillagebelongsto...

简介：Climatechangehasposedagreatriskandtreatstoglobalenvironment.Toaddresstheproblem,internationalcommunityresortstocarbonemissionreduction,andmanycountrieshaveimplementedafforestationandreforestationprojectunderCleanDevelopmentMechanism.Chinastartedtheresearchandhasdoneagreatloadofworksonforestcarbontradeasearlyastheyearof2002tocontributetothecarbonemissionreduction.ThispaperintroducestheimplementationofforestcarbontradeinHeyuanCity,Guan...

简介：陆上的碳周期和全球大气的CO2预算是在全球气候变化研究的重要foci。模仿的网陆上的生态系统的主要生产率(NPP)为碳周期研究是重要的。在这研究，plant-atmosphere-soil连续统氮(N)骑车的模型被开发并且合并了到北方的生态系统生产率模拟器(BEPS)模型。与在1km分辨率的确定的数据库(叶区域索引，陆地盖子，每日的气象学数据，植被和土壤)，每天NPP印射因为在2007的澜沧江山谷被生产，并且NPP的空间时间的模式和它对土壤N水平的回答的机制进一步被探索。全部的NPP和在2007的澜沧江山谷的吝啬的NPP是66.5TgC和416g

简介：Chinaisgloballyacknowledgedas'KingdomofBamboo',andZhejiangProvinceisnationallyrecognizedasthefirstprovinceofbambooinChina.SystematicandoverallanalysisismadebytheapproachofcasestudyonwhyZhejiangcangetsuchamarvelousachievementsoastoprovidesignificantreferencesandinstructionsforbamboodevelopmentforothercountrieswhodesiretolearntechnologiesandknow-howfromChina.Themaincontributionsareconcludedasbelow:1)Quickprogressofbambootechnologyprovidesastrongback-upforbambooindustrydevelopment;2)Governmentalsupportspromotethebalanceddevelopmentofbambooindustry,includingfavorablepolicy,financialsupport;3)Goodrelationofbamboocultivationandprocessing;4)Specialsoci-economicandhumanitarianadvantagesforbamboodevelopment,includinggoodexportenvironment,dynamicprivateeconomy,bambooindustryzone,excellenttalentsofbamboo;and5)Quickexpansionofinternationalanddomesticbamboomarketstimulatesanddrivesthedevelopmentofbambooindustry

简介：Background:Around2000plantspeciesoccurnaturallyinLorestanProvinceofwhich250speciesaremedicinalandmyrtleisoneofthem.Myrtleisashrubwhoseleavesandfruitshavemedicinalvalueandthus,ifmanagedandharvestedproperly,couldproducesustainedeconomicbenefits.Inrecentyears,however,overhalfofthemyrtlesiteareaswasdestroyed,duetoinappropriatemanagementandexcessiveharvestingpractices.Thus,comingupwithapracticalharvestingapproachalongwithidentifyingthosefactorsdamagingthesites,seemstobeverycrucial.Methods:Inourinvestigation,wecalculatedtheconservationvalueperhectareofmyrtleintheDoorehforestareainLorestanProvince.UsingtheContingentValuation(CV)andDoubleBoundedDichotomousChoice(DBDC)methods,wedeterminedthewillingnesstopay(WTP)formyrtleconservation.TheWTPwasestimatedwithalogitmodelforwhichindiceswereobtainedbasedonamaximumprecisioncriterion.Results:Theresultsshowedthat86.67percentofpeoplewerewillingtopayfortheconservationofthesemyrtlesites.AveragemonthlyWTPperfamilywascalculatedas$0.79.TheannualconservationvalueintermsofWTPforthepreservationofthemyrtlesitesinDoorehwasestimatedas$102,525.Amongthevariablesofthemodelpresented,educationhadapositiveimpact,whiletheamountproposedforpaymentandfamilysizehadanegativeimpactontheWTP.Conclusions:Ourestimateofthevalueofmyrtleconservationshouldprovidejustificationforpolicymakersanddecisionmakingbodiesofnaturalresourcestoimplementpoliciesinordertoconservethenaturalsitesofthisspeciesmoreeffectively.

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简介：Background:Theglobalsearchfornewwaystosequestercarbonhasalreadyreachedagriculturallands.Suchlandconstitutesamajorpotentialcarbonsink.Theproductionofhighvaluetimberwithinagroforestrysystemscanfacilitateanin-situcarbonstoragefunction.Thisisfollowedbyapotentiallongtermex-situcarbonsinkwithinlonglastingproductssuchasveneerandfurniture.Forthispurposewildcherry(PrunusaviumL.)isaninterestingoptionformiddleEurope,yieldinghighpricesonthetimbermarket.Methods:Atotalnumberof39wildcherryweresampledin2012and2013toassesstheleaflessabovegroundbiomass.Thecompletetreesincludingstemandbrancheswereseparatedinto1cmdiameterclasses.Woodandbarkfromsub-sampleswereanalysedseparatelyandnutrientcontentwasderived.Modelsforbiomassestimationwereconstructedforalltreecompartments.Results:Thesmallestdiameterclassespossessthehighestproportionofbarkduetosmallercrosssectionalarea.Treeboleswithagreateramountofstemwoodabove10cmindiameterwillhaveamoreconstantbarkproportion.Totalbranchbarkproportionalsoremainsrelativelyconstantaboved_(1.3m)measurementsof8cm.Abalanceisevidentbetweentheproductionofnewbrancheswithalowdiameterandhighbarkproportionoffsetbythethickeningandarelativereductioninbarkproportioninlargerbranches.Theresultsshowthatasingletreewithanageof17and18yearscanstoreupto85kgofcarbonwithintheabovegroundbiomassportion,anamountthatwillincreaseasthetreematures.Branchesdisplaygreaternutrientcontentthanstemsectionspervolumeunitwhichcanbeattributedtoagreaterbarkproportion.Conclusions:Usingthederivedmodelsthecarbonandthenutrientcontentofabove-groundwoodybiomassofwholetreescanbecalculated.Suggestedvaluesforcarbonwithothermajorandminornutrientsheldwithinrelativelyimmaturetreesstronglysupportstheideaoftheinclusionofwildcherrywithinagroforestrysystemsasan

简介：Background:LeafAreaIndex(LAI)isanimportantparameterusedinmonitoringandmodelingofforestecosystems.Theaimofthisstudywastoevaluateperformanceoftheartificialneuralnetwork(ANN)modelstopredicttheLAIbycomparingtheregressionanalysismodelsastheclassicalmethodinthesepureandeven-agedCrimeanpineforeststands.Methods:OnehundredeighttemporarysampleplotswerecollectedfromCrimeanpineforeststandstoestimatestandparameters.EachsampleplotwasimagedwithhemisphericalphotographstodetecttheLAI.ThepartialcorrelationanalysiswasusedtoassesstherelationshipsbetweenthestandLAIvaluesandstandparameters,andthemultivariatelinearregressionanalysiswasusedtopredicttheLAIfromstandparameters.DifferentartificialneuralnetworkmodelscomprisingdifferentnumberofneuronandtransferfunctionsweretrainedandusedtopredicttheLAIofforeststands.Results:ThecorrelationcoefficientsbetweenLAIandstandparameters(standnumberoftrees,basalarea,thequadraticmeandiameter,standdensityandstandage)weresignificantatthelevelof0.01.Thestandage,numberoftrees,siteindex,andbasalareawereindependentparametersinthemostsuccessfulregressionmodelpredictedLAIvaluesusingstandparameters(/?;adj=0.5431).AscorrespondingmethodtopredicttheinteractionsbetweenthestandLAIvaluesandstandparameters,theneuralnetworkarchitecturebasedontheRBF4-19-1withGaussianactivationfunctioninhiddenlayerandtheidentityactivationfunctioninoutputlayerperformedbetterinpredictingLAI(SSE(12.1040),MSE(0.1223),RM5E(0.3497),AIC(0.1040),BIC(-777310)andR2(0.6392))comparedtotheotherstudiedtechniques.Conclusion:TheANNoutperformedthemultivariateregressiontechniquesinpredictingLAIfromstandparameters.TheANNmodels,developedinthisstudy,mayaidinmakingforestmanagementplanninginstudyforeststands.

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