简介：Objective:Acommoncavitydeformity(CCD)isadeformedinnerearinwhichthecochleaandvestibuleareconfluentformingacommonrudimentarycysticcavitythatresultsinprofoundhearingloss.Therearefewstudiespayingattentiontocommoncavity.Ourgroupisengrossedinobservingtheimprovementofauditoryandverbalabilitiesinchildrenwhohavereceivedcochlearimplantation(CI),andcomparingthesetargetsbetweenchildrenwithcommoncavityandnormalinnerearstructure.Materialandmethods:Aretrospectivestudywasconductedin12patientswithprofoundhearinglossthatweredividedintoacommoncavitygroupandacontrolgroup,sixineachgroupmatchedinsex,ageandtimeofimplantation,basedoninnerearstructure.CategoriesofAuditoryPerformance(CAP)andspeechintelligibilityrating(SIR)scoresandaidedhearingthresholdswerecollectedandcomparedbetweenthetwogroups.AllpatientsworeCIformorethan1yearattheCochlearCenterofAnhuiMedicalUniversityfrom2011to2015.Results:PostoperativeCAPandSIRscoreswerehigherthanbeforeoperationinbothgroups(p<0.05),althoughthescoreswerelowerintheCCDgroupthaninthecontrolgroup(p<0.05).TheaidedthresholdwasalsolowerinthecontrolgroupthanintheCCDgroup(p<0.05).Conclusion:EventhoughaudiologicalimprovementinchildrenwithCCDwasnotasgoodasinthosewithoutCCD,CIprovidesbenefitsinauditoryperceptionandcommunicationskillsinthesechildren.

简介：ObjectToexploretheproceduresinper-operativeharvestingandmanagementoffreshhumancochlearspecimensforresearch.MethodsDuringtrans-cochlearsurgerytoremovelargepetro-clivalmeningiomascausinglife-threateningcompressiononthebrainstem,cochleaearenormallydestroyedanddrilledawayinordertoreachtheapicalpetrousandclivusregion.Insteadthecochleacanbedissectedoutafterethicalper-missionwasobtainedfromthelocalethicalcommittee(EPN)andallowancegainedfromthepatients.Sur-geryisperformedbyateamconsistingofoto-andneurosurgeonsasatwo-dayprocedurewithtotalpetro-sectomyincombinationwithaninferiorre-routingofthefacialnerve.Fixationofthecochleaewasdoneintheoperatingroomassoonasthespecimenshadbeenseparatedfromthetemporalbones.Decalcificationbeganafterhours’toovernight’sfixationfor4weeks.Sectioningparalleltothemodiolus(mid-modiolus)wasperformedwithacryostatmicrotome.Thesectionsweresubjectedtoimmunofluorescence(IF).ResultsUsingfreshlyprepared4%paraformaldehyde(PFD)solution,adequatefixationoffineinnerearstructureswasachievedwithhours’immersionofthecochlearspecimens.Decalcificationin6.2%ethylenedi-amine-tetraceticacid(EDTA)solutionfor4weeksyieldedathoroughlydecalcifiedcochlea.Experiencesinprocessing14humancochleaeandanalysingmainlandmarksinfivehumaninnerearplastic/siliconecastsshowedthattheovalwindow/stapesfootplatearebackwardtilted,atanangleabout15degrees,fromtheplaneperpendiculartothemodiolaraxis.Thedistancefromthemodiolarapextotheanteriorborderoftheovalwindow/footplateintheseinnerearcastsmeasuredbetween4and5mm.HighqualityIFstainingwasobtained.ConclusionSurgicallyobtainedhumancochlearspecimen,whenproperlyprocessed,containside-allypreservedantigenicityforimmunohistochemicalstudy.Adequateorientationduringsectioninghelpsob-tainoptimalmid-modiolarsectionsshowingfi

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简介：TocharacterizethepatternsofABRwavesintreeshrews,wemustunderstandthehearingsensitivityandauditoryfunctionofhealthyadulttreeshrews.Fifteentreeshrews(30ears)werestimulatedwithclicksandtone-pipsat11differentfrequenciesfrom1to60kHz.TheABRwaveswererecordedandanalyzed.TheABRconsistedoffivetosevenpositivewavesinthefirst10msafteraclickstimulus,andtheaveragehearingthresholdofcomponentIIIwas27.86±3.78dBSPL.WaveIIIwasthelargestandmostclear.TheABRthresholdwasrelatedtothetone-pipsitmulusbya“U”shapedcurve.Thesensitivefrequencywasapproximately8kHzintreeshrews.Thelatenciessystematicallydecreasedwithincreasingstimulusfrequencies.TheABRamplitudesofwaveIIIincreasedasthesoundpressurelevelincreased.Alloftheseresultsprovideanempiricalbasisforfuturestudiesofhearingdiseasesintreeshrews.

简介：ObjectiveTostudygentamicininjurymechanismsusingpostnatalmousecochlearspiralgangcells(SGC).MethodsSGCswereisolatedusingacombinatorialapproachofenzymaticdigestionandmechanicalseparationfromP2～6Kunmingmousecochleae.After4days,culturedSGCswerefixedwith4%paraformaldehydeatroomtemperatureforimmunocytochemicalexaminationusingthemethodsofS-Pandthemonoclonalantibodyagainstmouseneurofilamentprotein(Neurofilament-68/200Kda,NF-L+H).SGCswererandomlydividedintoablankcontrolgroupandthreegentamicintreatmentgroups(mediumgentamicinconcentrationat50mg/L,100mg/Land150mg/Lrespectively),SGCswerecollectedandexaminedunderatransmissionelectronmicroscopeafterbeingculturedfor48h.ResultsSGCprimaryculturewassuccessful.SGCcytoplasmandneuritesweredyedbrownishyellowbythemonoclonalmouseneurofilamentproteinantibody.SGCsshowedclassicalbipolarneuronappearance.Underthetransmissionelectronmicroscope,.gentamicintreatedSGCsshowedmorphologicalfeaturesdifferentcomparedtothoseintheblankcontrolgroup,whichmightindicateapoptosis.ConclusionOurresultsindicatethatgentamicinhasdirecttoxiceffectsoncochlearSGCsinmiceandtheinjurymechanismiscloselyrelatedwithapoptosis.Damagetomitochondriamayplayanimportantroleintheprocess.

简介：Objectives:Theaimofourstudyistoexaminevestibular-evokedmyogenicpotentials(VEMPs)elicitedbythegalvanicvestibularstimulationinthesternocleidomastoidmuscle(SCM)inhealthysubjectsforclinicalapplicationsofauditoryneuropathyorvestibularneuropathyinthefuture.Methods:WeenrolledsixteenhealthysubjectstorecordtheaverageresponsesofSCMtogalvanicvestibularstimulation(GVS)[current3mA;duration1ms]byelectromyography(EMG).SPSS18.0softwarewasusedtoanalyzetheobtaineddataformeanandstandarddeviation.Results:Inallhealthysubjectsmastoid-foreheadgalvanicvestibularstimulationproducedapositive-negativebiphasicEMGresponsesonSCMipsilateraltothecathodalelectrode.Thelatencyofp13was11.7±3.0ms.Thelatencyofn23was17.8±3.4ms.Theamplitudeofp13-n23was147.0±69.0mV.Theinterauralasymmetryratio(AR)ofp13,n23latencyandtheamplitudewasrespectively0.12±0.09,0.08±0.08and0.16±0.10.Discussions:GalvanicvestibularstimulationcouldelicitbiphasicEMGresponsesfromSCMviathevestibularnervebutnotfromtheotolithorgans.Galvanicstimulationtogetherwithairconductedsound(ACS)orboneconductedvibration(BCV)canelicitVEMPsandmayenablethedifferentiationofretrolabyrinthinelesionsfromlabyrinthinelesionsinvestibularsystem.

简介：Applicationofsurgicalendoscope,usedaloneorincombinationwiththesurgicalmicroscope,fortheoperativemanagementofearandtemporalboneconditionsmayallowimprovedaccessandclearanceofdisease.Preservationofnormalstructuresmayalsobeimproved.Astheuseofthistoolisincreasing,theneedforbetterunderstandingoftheanatomyoftheearisbecomingevident.Thisisparticularlysoforendoscopicsurgeryaimingatremovaloflesionsinvolvingtheinfra-cochlearcorridorand/orpetrousapex.Humantemporalbone-derivedlabyrinthcasts(molds),originallymadeforendolymphaticductandsacanalysiswhichgenuinelyrepresentthemembranouslabyrinthanditsadjacentsofttissues,weremorphometricallyanalyzedintermsoftheanatomicrelationsbetweenstructuresinandaroundtheinfra-cochlearcorridor.Thedistancebetweenthepetrouscarotidartery(PCA)andthebasalturnofthecochlea,thedistancebetweenPCAandinfra-cochlearvein(ICV)/cochlearaqueduct(CA),andthedistancebetweenthelowersurfaceofbasalcochlearturnandthepointwherethecarotidarteryandjugularvein(JV)meetclosetothejugularforamen,weremeasuredtobearound1.3mm,6mmand8mmrespectively,thusconstitutinganapproximate68mm2infra-cochlearcorridor.Thisanalysisandfurtherstudywithlargersamplesmightbehelpfulforoperationviathiscorridorledtothepetrousapexwherecholesterolgranuloma,cholesteatomaandotherlesionsarenotuncommon.

简介：Aim:Toassessthequalityofhigh-resolutionCTsectionplanes(HRCT),multi-planarreformation(MPR)and3-dimensionalvolumerenderedcomputertomography(3D-CTVR)werehereusedinthefinedifferentialdiagnosisofossicularchaininthecaseofconductivehearinglosswithintacttympanicmembrane.Methods:Here,17casesofotosclerosisand22casesofossicularchaindeformitywereselected.Allpatientshadnormalexternalearcanals,intacttympanicmembranes,conductivehearingloss,typeAtympanograms,andnegativeGelle'stests.Therespectiveradiologicalreportsofthestatusoftheossiclesvia3protocolswerecomparedtosurgicalfindings.Thequantitativeassessmentsoftherepresentationofdifferentsegmentsoftheossicularchainwerebasedona3-pointscoringsystem.Results:MPRandCTVRimagingbothshowedtheintegrityofwholeossicularchainwell.MPRandCTVRimagingwerefoundtobesuperiortosectionplaneswithrespecttoshowingthesuperstructureofthestapesandmalformations(P>0.05).Conclusion:CTVRandMPRimagingwerefoundtobebetterabletoshowthewholeossicularchainintheconductivehearinglosswithnormaltympanicmembranes.Furthermore,theuseofthesetechniquescanhaveprofoundcontributivevalueinthedifferentialdiagnosisofotosclerosisandossicularchainabsenceormalformation.

简介：Recently,thehumancochleahasbeenshowntocontainnumerousresidentmacrophagesundersteady-state.Themacrophagesaccumulateinthestriavascularis,amongtheauditorynerves,andarealsospottedinthehumanorganofCorti.ThesemacrophagesmayprocessantigensreachingthecochleabyinvasionofpathogensandinsertionofCIelectrode.Thus,macrophagesexecuteaninnate,andpossiblyanadaptiveimmunity.Here,wedescribethemolecularmarkersCD4andCD8ofTcells,macrophagemarkersMHCⅡandCD11b,aswellasthemicroglialmarkersTEME119andP2Y12,inthehumancochlea.Immunohistochemistryandtheadvantageoussuper-resolutionstructuredilluminationmicroscopy(SR-SIM)wereusedinthestudy.CD4~+andCD8~+cellswerefoundinthehumancochleae.Theywereseeninthemodiolusinasubstantialnumberadjacenttothevessels,intheperipheralregionoftheRosenthal’scanal,andoccasionallyinthespiralligament.Whilethereareasurprisinglylargenumberofmacrophagesinthestriavascularisaswellasbetweentheauditoryneurons,CD4~+andCD8~+cellsarehardlyseenintheseareas,andneitherareseenintheorganofCorti.Inthemodiolus,macrophages,CD4~+andCD8~+cellsappearedofteninclusters.InteractionbetweenthesedifferentcellswaseasilyobservedwithSR-SIM,showingcloselyplacedcellbodies,andtheprocessesfrommacrophagesreachingoutandtouchingthelymphocytes.OtherwisetheCD4~+andCD8~+cellsinhumancochleartissuearediscretelyscattered.Thepossiblerolesoftheseimmunecellsarespeculated.

简介：Background:Currently,thereisasignificantlackofdataconcerninglong-termoutcomesfollowingpaediatriccochlearimplantationintermsofqualityoflife.Thereisaneedforalong-term,prospectivestudyinthisregard.Thisstudyaimsathighlightingthepreliminaryresults,oneyearpostsurgeryofafiveyearprospectivestudy.Methods:TheCochlearTMPaediatricImplantedRecipientObservationalStudy（P-IROS）isaprospective,patientoutcomesregistryforroutinelyimplantedchildren.Thestudycollectsdatausingquestionnairespost-surgeryandatregularintervalsuptofiveyears.Results:AtourCentre,159cochlearimplantsurgeryprocedureswerecarriedoutbetweenJanuary2014andDecember2014.CategoryofAuditoryPerformanceIIscoreincreasedfrom‘0’to‘3’atsixmonthsandto‘5’at12monthsforchildrenaged0—3years,althoughthiswasnotstatisticallysignificant.However,thesametrendwasstatisticallysignificantfortheage3—6yearandage6—10yearbrackets.Thequalityoflifeofthechildimprovedsignificantly.Analysisofcommunicationmoderevealedastatisticallysignificantoverallshifttotheauditory-oralmodefromtotalcommunication.Conclusion:Cochlearimplantationisalife-changingintervention.Theevidenceinsupportofwhatitcanachievesafelyisclear.However,thecostsassociatedwithitraisethequestionifitwillremainaneffectiveoptionforlifeinallchildren.TheCochlearP-IROSisanattempttoanswerthesameoverafiveyearperiod.OurstudyinNewDelhi,sofarconcludesthatcochlearimplantationinapopulationwithlimitedaccesstofundsisveryeffective,oneyearaftersurgery.