简介：AbstractIntestinal homeostasis depends on complex interactions between the gut microbiota and host immune system. Emerging evidence indicates that the intestinal microbiota is a key player in autoimmune liver disease (AILD). Autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis have been linked to gut dysbiosis. Diverse mechanisms contribute to disturbances in intestinal homeostasis in AILD. Bacterial translocation and molecular mimicry can lead to hepatic inflammation and immune activation. Additionally, the gut and liver are continuously exposed to microbial metabolic products, mediating variable effects on liver immune pathologies. Importantly, microbiota-specific or associated immune responses, either hepatic or systemic, are abnormal in AILD. Comprehensive knowledge about host-microbiota interactions, included but not limited to this review, facilitates novel clinical practice from a microbiome-based perspective. However, many challenges and controversies remain in the microbiota field of AILD, and there is an urgent need for future investigations.

简介：AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are anuclear particles composed of lipid bilayers that contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and organelles. EVs act as an important mediator of cell-to-cell communication by transmitting biological signals or components, including lipids, proteins, messenger RNAs, DNA, microRNAs, organelles, etc, to nearby or distant target cells to activate and regulate the function and phenotype of target cells. Under physiological conditions, EVs play an essential role in maintaining the homeostasis of the pulmonary milieu but they can also be involved in promoting the pathogenesis and progression of various respiratory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and pulmonary artery hypertension. In addition, in multiple preclinical studies, EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (EVs) have shown promising therapeutic effects on reducing and repairing lung injuries. Furthermore, in recent years, researchers have explored different methods for modifying EVs or enhancing EVs-mediated drug delivery to produce more targeted and beneficial effects. This article will review the characteristics and biogenesis of EVs and their role in lung homeostasis and various acute and chronic lung diseases and the potential therapeutic application of EVs in the field of clinical medicine.

简介：ThewealthofDNAdatageneratedbythehumangenomeprojectcouplingwithrecentlyinventedhigh-throughputgeneexpressionprofilingtechniqueshasdramaticallyspeduptheprocessforbiomedicalresearchersonelucidatingtheroleofgenesinhumandiseases.Onepowerfulmethodtorevealinsightintogenefunctionsisthesystematicanalysisofgeneexpression.Twopopularhigh-throughputgeneexpressiontechnologies,microarrayandSerialAnalysisofGeneExpression(SAGE)arecapableofproducinglargeamountsofgeneexpressiondatawiththepotentialofprovidingnovelinsightsintofundamentaldiseaseprocesses,especiallycomplexsyndromessuchascardiovasculardisease,whoseetiologiesareduetomultiplegeneticfactorsandtheirinterplaywiththeenvironment.MicroarrayandSAGEhavealreadybeenusedtoexaminegeneexpressionpatternsofcell-culture,animalandhumantissuesmodelsofcardiovasculardiseases.Inthisreview,wewillfirstgiveabriefintroductionofmicroarrayandSAGEtechnologiesandpointouttheirlimitations.Wewillthendiscussthemajordiscoveriesandthenewbiologicalinsightsthathaveemergedfromtheirapplicationstocardiovasculardiseases.Finallywewilltouchuponpotentialchallengesandfuturedevelopmentsinthisarea.

简介：Airwaydiseasesarethemostcommonlydescribedlungmanifestationsofinflammatoryboweldisease(IBD).However,thesimilaritiesindiseasepathogenesisandthesharingofimportantenvironmentalriskfactorsandgeneticsusceptibilitysuggestthatthereisacomplexinterplaybetweenIBDandairwaydiseases.RecentevidenceofIBDoccurrenceamongpatientswithairwaydiseasesandthehigherthanestimatedprevalenceofsubclinicalairwayinjuriesamongIBDpatientssupportthehypothesisofatwo-wayassociation.Futureresearcheffortsshouldbedirectedtowardfurtherexplorationofthisassociation,asairwaydiseasesarehighlyprevalentconditionswithasubstantialpublichealthimpact.

简介：1SpermatorrheaApatient,16yearsold,sufferedfromsper-matorrheaforoveroneyear.Atthebeginning,ithappenedonceseveraldays,andrecentlyithappenedonceeveryotherdayoreverynight,accompaniedbyawitheredcomplexion,sorenessandweaknessinthelowerbackandlegs,poorsleep,poormemory,aredtonguetipwiththintonguecoating,andathreadyand

简介：It'soneoftheearliestmedicaltechniquestorelievepain,restorehealthandenjoycomfortwithmanipulations.Knowledgeonspinalneckpain,shoulderpain,lowbackpainandlegpaincanbetracedbacktotheearlystageofhumanevolutionanduprightpositionoftwolegs.ThereforethehistoryoftreatingspinaldiseaseswithTuinaormanipulationsprobablykeepsthesamepacewithcivilization.

简介：ImmunizationwithinactivatedautoreactiveTcells(Tcellvaccination)selectedfromindividual'sownTcellrepertoireprovidesauniqueinvivosettingfortestingimmuneregulationthatisknowntoinvolveinteractionsofavarietyofrelatedsurfacemolecules(1).ItinducesregulatoryimmuneresponsesthatcloselyresembletheinvivosituationwheretheimmunesystemischallengedbyclonalactivationandexpansionofgivenTcellpopulationsinvariousautoimmunediseases.TcellvaccinationprovidesapowerfulmeansofelicitingnaturalreactionsoftheimmunesysteminresponsetoclonalexpansionofTcells,whichcanusedasatherapeuticapproachtosuppressoreliminatespecificpathogenicautoreactiveTcellsinautoimmuneconditions.ClinicaltrialsusingTcellvaccinationtodepleteautoreactiveTcellsinhumanautoimmuneconditionshavebeguntorevealthepathologicrelevanceofvariousautoimmuneTcellpopulationsinthediseaseprocesses,providingauniqueopportunitytotesttheautoimmunetheoriesinaclinicalsetting.Cellular&MolecularImmunology.2004;1(5):321-327.

简介：Researchdatashowedthatsyndromicapproachcouldsuccessfullymanagegonococcalandchlamydialinfectionsinmalesandsyphilisandchancroidinmalesandfemales.However,lowsensitivity,specificityandpositivepredictivevaluewerefoundinthesyndromicmanagementofvaginaldischarge.Itisrecommendedthatthesyndromicalgorithmformanagementofvaginaldischargeusedwhenservinghigh-riskandsymptomaticwomen.

简介：AbstractInfectious diseases are an increasing threat to global biosafety. Vaccination is the most effective and cost-efficient method for preventing and controlling infectious diseases. The development of new vaccines is inextricably linked to the advancement of materials that serve as essential components of vaccines, such as antigens, adjuvants, and their carriers. The physicochemical and biological properties of vaccines—such as the kinetics of antigen retention and presentation—are determined by the material compositions of vaccines and carriers, affecting the overall efficacy. The sustained release of antigens prolongs their retention time in germinal centers and improves humoral immune responses. Pulsatile release that imitates clinical dosing regimens can improve patient adherence to vaccination, affording increased vaccine coverage. Herein, we review progress of materials innovation on altering vaccine release kinetics, which affects the overall vaccine efficacy, safety, and compliance.

简介：AbstractServing as the interface between the fetal and maternal environments during gestation, the placenta plays critical roles in the protection of the developing fetus and the maintenance of maternal health. The placenta is primarily derived from the embryonic trophectoderm which differentiates into various subtypes of trophoblast cells through villous and extravillous pathways. The interactions among trophoblasts and multiple decidual cells and immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface fundamentally form the functional units of the placenta, which are responsible for blood perfusion and maternal-fetal material exchange, immune tolerance, and the regulation of pregnancy adaptation. Defects in placental development and functional maintenance are in tight association with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia. In this article, we review recent advances on human trophoblast cell differentiation and the construction of placental functional units and discuss the placental and maternal factors that may contribute to the occurrence of preeclampsia.

简介：AbstractExcessive consumption of fructose, the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates, has been linked to worldwide epidemics of metabolic diseases in humans, and it is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. We provide an overview about the features of fructose metabolism, as well as potential mechanisms by which excessive fructose intake is associated with the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases both in humans and rodents. To accomplish this aim, we focus on illuminating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fructose metabolism as well as its signaling effects on metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis in health and disease, highlighting the role of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein in regulating fructose metabolism.

简介：AbstractPericyte, a kind of pluripotent cell, may regulate the irrigation flow and permeability of microcirculation. Pericytes are similar to the smooth muscle cells, which express several kinds of contractile proteins and have contractility. The dysfunction of pericytes is related to many microvascular diseases, including hypoxia, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, fibrosis, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and tumor formation. For a long time, their existence and function have been neglected. The distribution, structure, biomarker, related signaling pathways as well as the roles of pericytes on vascular diseases will be introduced in this review.

简介：RNaseMRPRNA是处理的RNasemitochondrialRNA(MRP)的RNA子单元涉及处理事件的多重细胞的RNA的酶建筑群。RNaseMRPRNA基因(RMRP)上的变化引起后退地继承的发展混乱，软骨头发发育不全(CHH)。遗传型(RMRP变化)的关系，RNaseMRPcomplex的RNA处理缺乏，和CHH和另外的骨胳的发育异常的显型还有待于被探索。

简介：Inclinicalpractice,avarietyofsyndromesareassociatedwithcardiovasculardiseaseandhavecharacteristicfindings.Mostofthemareanautosomaldominantgeneticdisorderandhavedifferenttypesofcardiovascularabnormalities,includingelectrocardiographicconductiondefects,arrhythmias,cardiomyopathy,vascularandvalvulardiseases,cardiacseptaldefects,andpulmonaryproblems.Thereisagrowingneedforphysicianstopaymoreattentiontothesesyndromes.

简介：以便阐明，并且阻止病毒的疾病发生在橄榄疾病的状态，特别病毒的疾病挣扎育种站，包括流行病学的学习，研究的一个范围从1997～2003被执行。调查的育种站的地点在东方包括几个代表性的地点(Kangnung，Uljin，Pohang，Yangsan，Ul圣，釜山)，南方(Wando，Changheung，Goheung，Yeosu，Namhae，Tongyeong，Geoje，Jeju)并且西方(Seosan，Kunsan，Gochang，Yeongkwang，Mokpo，Chindo)朝鲜半岛的肋骨的区域。A总数of2000案例在7年，死亡由病毒的代理人报道for22%，或446个案例在引起了里被检验了。更加与病毒的感染联系的死亡在2003从14%in1997增加了到27%。许多病毒的疾病被观察，并且病毒的表皮的增生，病毒的腹水和病毒的畸形，病毒的紧张的坏死，和hiramerhabdoviral疾病的出现分别地是14%，51%，25%，和8%。由调查病毒的感染ofbroodstock挣扎，在育种站的海洋的birnavirus(MABV)的感染率被识别因此，是约30%获得并且使窝雪鱼干非感染是高度必要的。

简介：BasedonthedataobtainedfromasurveyrecentlymadeinShanghai,thispaperpresentsthehybridtechniqueforriskanalysisandevaluationofsomediseases.Afterdeterminationofmainriskfactorsofthesediseasesbyanalysisofvariance,theauthorsintroduceanewconcept‘IllnessFuzzySet’andusefuzzycomprehensiveevaluationtoevaluatetheriskofsufferingfromadiseaseforresidents.Optimaltechniqueisusedtodeterminetheweightswiinfuzzycomprehensiveevaluation,andanewmethod‘ImprovedInformationDistribution’isalsointroducedforthetreatmentofsmallsampleproblem.Itisshownthattheresultsobtainedbyusingthehybridtechniquearebetterthanbyusingsinglefuzzytechniqueorsinglestatisticalmethod.

简介：AbstractGiven the increasing incidence of neurodegenerative disease (ND), recent research efforts have intensified the search for curative treatments. Despite significant research, however, existing therapeutic options for ND can only slow down the progression of the disease, but not provide a cure. Light therapy (LT) has been used to treat some mental and sleep disorders. This review illustrates recent studies of the use of LT in patients with ND and highlights its potential for clinical applications. The literature was collected from PubMed through June 2020. Selected studies were primarily English articles or articles that could be obtained with English abstracts and Chinese main text. Articles were not limited by type. Additional potential publications were also identified from the bibliographies of identified articles and the authors’ reference libraries. The identified literature suggests that LT is a safe and convenient physical method of treatment. It may alleviate sleep disorders, depression, cognitive function, and other clinical symptoms. However, some studies have reported limited or no effects. Therefore, LT represents an attractive therapeutic approach for further investigation in ND. LT is an effective physical form of therapy and a new direction for research into treatments for ND. However, it requires further animal experiments to elucidate mechanisms of action and large, double-blind, randomized, and controlled trials to explore true efficacy in patients with ND.

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简介：AbstractBiobanking facilities are well established in high-income settings, where substantial funding has been invested in infrastructure. In contrast, such facilities are much less developed in resource-restricted settings. However, low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) still face a disproportionately high infectious diseases burden. Thus, the further development of infrastructure facilities, including biobanks is warranted as an important component of this unfolding clinical research environment. This perspective manuscript summarises the challenges and enablers for biobanking in LMICs, with a particular focus on infectious diseases, incorporating some of the lessons learned from the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.