简介：神经干细胞(NSC)不仅在胚胎的发展期间而且在所有哺乳动物的种类的成年大脑是在场的，包括人。在vivo的干细胞壁龛建筑学使成年NSC能连续地在整个生活在特定的大脑区域产生功能的神经原。成年神经发生过程服从于动态规定由各种各样生理，病理学并且药理学刺激。Multipotent成年NSC也看起来内在地塑料，对基因编程顺从在正常区别期间，并且到epigeneticreprograming在进pluripotency的de区别期间。增加的证据建议成年NSC显著地在生理、病理学的条件下面贡献专业化神经功能。充分理解成年NSC的生物学将提供关键卓见进病原学和主要大脑混乱的潜在的治疗学的干预。这里，我们在哺乳动物的中央神经系统的成年NSC上考察最近的进步，包括他们在癌症和再生药的身份，壁龛，功能，粘性，和新兴的角色上的话题。

简介：Thesympatheticnervoussystemplaysacardinalroleinregulatingcardiacfunctionthroughreleasingtheneurotransmitternorepinephrine(NE).Incomparisonwithcentralnervoussystem,themolecularmechanismofNEuptakeinmyocardiumisnotclear.Inpresentstudy,weprovedthatinrattheCNStypeofNEtransporter(NET)wasalsoexpressedinmiddlecervical-stellateganglioncomplex(MC-SGcomplex)whichisconsideredtocontroltheactivityofheart,butnotexpressedinmyocardium.TheresultsalsoshowedthatNETexpressionlevelinrightganglionwassignificantlyhigherthanintheleft,renderingthegreatercapacityofNEuptakeinrightventricle,afactwhichmaycontributetothemaintenanceofrightventricularfunctionunderpathologicstate.

简介：Inthepresentstudyexpressionofestrogenreceptorsubtype-α(ERα)and-β(ERβ)inthecerebralcortex,cerebellum,andolfactorybulbwasinvestigatedandcomparedbetweenneonatal(1～3-days-old)andadult(250～350g)rats,usingreversetranscription-polymerasechainreaction(RT-PCR).NoERαtranscriptsweredetectableintheadultcerebellumandolfactorybulb,whereasveryweakexpressionofERαwaspresentintheadultcerebralcortex.NosignificantdifferenceinERβtranscriptswasdetectablebetweentheneonatalandadultrats.WhiletranscriptsforbothERsubtypeswereco-expressedinthesebrainareasofneonatalrats,althoughERαexpressionwassignificantlyweakerthanERβ.EveninthecerebralcortexknowntocontainbothERsubtypesinadultrats,ERαtranscriptsinneonatalratsweremuchhigherthaninadult.TheseobservationsprovideevidencefortheexistenceofdifferentexpressionpatternsofERα/ERβtranscriptsinthesethreebrainareasbetweentheneonatalandadultrats,suggestingthateachERsubtypemayplayadistinctroleintheregulationofdifferentiation,development,andfunctionsofthebrainbyestrogen.