简介：本研究调查了英语学习者个体特点对其在安大略省中学读写测试（OSSLT）成绩的潜在影响。研究者收集了参加OSSLT考试学生的个体因素和与其父母受教育程度、社会经济地位相关的学校因素，将这些因素和学生OSSLT考试成绩（N=4311）进行相关性分析。研究变量包括：课后读写活动、家庭语言使用和该校学生家庭平均经济社会地位。分析结果体现了考试成绩和个体因素以及学校因素的相关性。具体而言，与高分相关的读写活动包括互联网使用、文学和非小说类的阅读；父母受教育水平（而非收入水平）是一项独立的积极预测指标，该指标对OSSLT学生阅读和写作成绩的影响因素分别占到了20％和9％。

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简介：<正>Background:Significanteffortshavebeenmadetoidentifymodifiableriskfactorsofnon-contactanteriorcruciateligament(ACL)injuriesinmaleandfemaleathletes.However,currentliteratureontheriskfactorsforACLinjuryarepurelydescriptive.Anunderstandingofbiomechanicalrelationshipbetweenriskandriskfactorsofthenon-contactACLinjuryisnecessarytodevelopeffectivepreventionprograms.Purpose:Tocomparelowerextremitykinematicsandkineticsbetweentrialswithandwithoutnon-contactACLinjuriesandtodetermineifanydifferenceexistsbetweenmaleandfemaletrialswithnon-contactACLinjuriesregardingthelowerextremitymotionpatterns.Methods:Inthiscomputersimulationstudy,astochasticbiomechanicalmodelwasusedtoestimatetheACLloadingatthetimeofpeakposteriorgroundreactionforce(GRF)duringlandingofthestop-jumptask.MonteCarlosimulationswereperformedtosimulatetheACLinjurieswithrepeatedrandomsamplesofindependentvariables.Thedistributionsofindependentvariablesweredeterminedfrominvivolaboratorydataof40maleand40femalerecreationalathletes.Results:Inthesimulatedinjuredtrials,bothmaleandfemaleathleteshadsignificantlysmallerkneeflexionangles,greaternormalizedpeakposteriorandverticalGRF.greaterkneevalgusmoment,greaterpatellatendonforce,greaterquadricepsforce,greaterkneeextensionmoment.andgreaterproximaltibiaanteriorshearforceincomparisontothesimulateduninjuredtrials.Nosignificantdifferencewasfoundbetweengendersinanyoftheselectedbiomechanicalvariablesinthetrialswithsimulatednon-contactACLinjuries.Conclusion:Smallkneeflexionangle,largeposteriorGRF.andlargekneevalgusmomentareriskfactorsofnon-contactACLinjurydeterminedbyastochasticbiomechanicalmodelwithacause-and-effectrelationship.

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简介：Background:Studieshaveindicatedthatthereisapositiveandindirectrelationshipbetweenphysicalactivity(PA)andqualityoflife(QoL).Thecurrentstudyexaminedthisrelationshipthroughasocialcognitivemodelwithconsiderationtotheintermediaryeffectsofexerciseself-efficacy,andphysical(PCS,physicalcomponentsummary)andpsychological(MCS,mentalcomponentsummary)health.Additionally,thismodelwaswidenedtoincludeconceptsfromtheecologicaltheory,andanycausalassociationsamongneighborhoodenvironment,PA,andQoL.Methods:Sixhundredandeighty-fourphysicallyactiveadults(39.16±13.52years,mean±SD),livinginAthens,Greece,completedaseriesofquestionnairesmeasuringPA,QoL,exerciseself-efficacy,PCS,MCS,neighborhoodenvironment,andfamilyandfriendsupportforPA.Theexaminedmodelswereanalyzedusingstructuralequationmodeling.Results:Thesocialcognitiveandecologicalmodelsprovedtobeofappropriatefit.Withinthesocialcognitivemodel,PApositivelyaffectedQoLthroughthemediatingeffectsofexerciseself-efficacy,PCS,andMCS.Withregardstotheecologicalmodel,neighborhoodenvironmentpositivelyinfluencedQoLthroughtheintermediaryeffectsoffamilysupportforPA,exerciseself-efficacy,PA,PCS,andMCS.Conclusion:Resultsindicatedthatthemostimportantmediatorsintheexaminedmodelswereexerciseself-efficacyandhealth.Further,findingsdemonstratedtheroleofneighborhoodenvironmentinenhancingPAandQoL.Futurestudiesshouldbecarriedoutapplyinglongitudinaldataforabetterunderstandingoftheseassociationsovertime.

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简介：Background:Marginalchangesintheexecutionofcompetitivesportsmovementscanrepresentasignificantchangeforperformancesuccess.However,suchdifferencesmayemergeonlyatcertainexecutionintensitiesandarenoteasilydetectablethroughconventionalbiomechanicaltechniques.Thisstudyaimedtoinvestigateifandhowcompetitionstandardandprogressionspeedaffectracewalkingkinematicsfrombothaconventionalandacoordinationvariabilityperspective.Methods:Fifteenexperiencedathletesdividedintothreegroups(elite,international,andnational)werestudiedwhileracewalkingonatreadmillattwodifferentspeeds(12.0and15.5km/h).Basicgaitparameters,theangulardisplacementofthepelvisandlowerlimbs,andthevariabilityincontinuousrelativephasebetweensixdifferentjointcouplingswereanalyzed.Results:Mostofthespatio-temporal,kinematic,andcoordinationvariabilitymeasuresprovedsensitivetothechangeinspeed.Conversely,non-lineardynamicsmeasureshighlighteddifferencesbetweenathletesofdifferentcompetitionstandardwhenconventionalanalyticaltoolswerenotabletodiscriminatebetweendifferentskilllevels.Continuousrelativephasevariabilitywashigherfornationallevelathletesthaninternationalandeliteintwocouplings(pelvisobliquity—hipflex/extensionandpelvisrotation—ankledorsi/plantarflexion)andgaitphases(earlystanceforthefirstcoupling,propulsivephaseforthesecond)thataredeemedfundamentalforcorrecttechniqueandperformance.Conclusion:Measuresofcoordinationvariabilityshowedtobeamoresensitivetoolforthefinedetectionofskill-dependentfactorsincompetitiveracewalking,andshowedgoodpotentialforbeingintegratedintheassessmentandmonitoringofsportsmotorabilities.

简介：Themainrequirementsforcurrentmedicalpracticeincludetheabilitytosolvecomplexmedicalproblemsandtohandlemedicaldevices.Asaresult,graduatesofmedicineareexpectedtohaveanadequatelevelofphysicalandtechnicalliteracy.Theaimofourstudywastofindouthowstudentsofmedicine,aftercompletingthesubjectBiophysics,solveamodelproblemfrommedicalpracticeandthefactorsthatcanaffectthecorrectnessoftheirsolution.Onehundredandtwenty-ninestudentswereaskedtorespondtothefollowingproblem:“Atfirstsight,astethoscopeappearstobeingoodcondition(bell,diaphragm,andtransfersystem)butyoudonothearanythingduringauscultation.Givereasons.”Alloftheanswerswerecategorisedandevaluatedquantitativelyandqualitatively.Thestudentswerenotabletocomprehensivelysolvethisproblem.Theyreliedontheirknowledgeofthemethodologyofmeasurementratherthanonthephysicalprinciplesofthemedicaldevice.Thesolutionssignificantlydependedongenderandtheirexperiencebeforeenteringmedicalschool.Therefore,weproposetheuseofproblem-basedlearningthatfocusesonrealpracticeproblemsintheteachingprocessatschoolsofalllevels.Implementingthismethodofteachingoverthelong-termwillenablestudentstofindtherightalgorithmforproblem-solving.

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