简介：Theintroductionofdesigneroestrogensasatreatmentmedalityinhormonereplacementinwomenhasinvitedtoconsidertheconceptofcompoundswithselectiveandrogeniceffectsformalehonnonereplacementtherapy.Thefullspectrumoftheactionsoftestosteronemaynotbenecessaryofevenundesiredforcertainindicationsfortestosteronetreatment,Todefineforwhatindicationscertainandrogenicpropertiesaredesiredandundesiredmoreinsightinbasicandrogen(patho)physiologyisrequired.Thereisconvincingevidencethataromatizationofandrogeniccompoundstonestrogensmightbeanadvantageformaintenanceofbonemassanditmightalsomitigatenegativeeffectsofandrogensonbichemicalparametersofcardiovascularrisks:thepotentiallynegativeeffectsofoestmgensonprostatepathologyinageingmenneedsfurtherelucidation.Whiletheroleofdihydro-testosterone(DHT)forthemalesexualdifferentiationandforpubertalsexualmaturationisevident,itsroleinmatureandageingmalesseemslesssignificantormayevenbeharmful.Itis,however,ofnotethatanegativeeffectofDHTonprostatepathophysiolog~iscertainlynotproven.Formalecontraceptionaprogestationalagentwithstrongandrogenicpropertiesmightbeanasset.Formostoftheandrogenicactionsthecriticallevelsofandrogensarenotwellestablished.Thelatterisrelevantsincethelargeamountofandrogenmoleculesrequiredforitsbiologicalactions(ascomparedtooestrogens)isanimpedimentinandrogenreplacementmedalities.Theremayberoomformorebiopotentandrogenssincedeliveryoflargeamountsofandrogenmoleculestothecirculationposesproblemsfurtreatmentmodalities.(AsianJAndro11999Jun;1:21-28)

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简介：AbstractDue to the increase in human population, habitat destruction, and the close interaction between humans, animals and the environment, these dynamic changes are a threat to the health of human, animal and environment. Therefore, we required intervention consisting of medical, veterinary, environment and other relevant disciplines and sectors in combination. If biological and environmental health is supposed to be optimum, cooperation and coordination is necessary between the multi-sectoral stakeholders responsible for the efforts. It not limits to a region or country on a worldwide scope. One Health encourages a collaborative, coordinated, and multidisciplinary approach to ensure the health and wellbeing of humans, animals, and the environment across different spatial levels, it aims to optimal health for lives and the environment, and recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment. This review discussed the essential to integrate One Health in the areas of infectious diseases, food safety, antimicrobial resistance, ecological environment, and chronic diseases etc., and discuss the practice of One Health in each area with some examples, hoping that One Health will serve as a framework to solve the challenges and issues facing China.

简介：AbstractBackground:A One Health approach has been increasingly mainstreamed by the international community, as it provides for holistic thinking in recognizing the close links and inter-dependence of the health of humans, animals and the environment. However, the dearth of real-world evidence has hampered application of a One Health approach in shaping policies and practice. This study proposes the development of a potential evaluation tool for One Health performance, in order to contribute to the scientific measurement of One Health approach and the identification of gaps where One Health capacity building is most urgently needed.Methods:We describe five steps towards a global One Health index (GOHI), including (i) framework formulation; (ii) indicator selection; (iii) database building; (iv) weight determination; and (v) GOHI scores calculation. A cell-like framework for GOHI is proposed, which comprises an external drivers index (EDI), an intrinsic drivers index (IDI) and a core drivers index (CDI). We construct the indicator scheme for GOHI based on this framework after multiple rounds of panel discussions with our expert advisory committee. A fuzzy analytical hierarchy process is adopted to determine the weights for each of the indicators.Results:The weighted indicator scheme of GOHI comprises three first-level indicators, 13 second-level indicators, and 57 third-level indicators. According to the pilot analysis based on the data from more than 200 countries/territories the GOHI scores overall are far from ideal (the highest score of 65.0 out of a maximum score of 100), and we found considerable variations among different countries/territories (31.8-65.0). The results from the pilot analysis are consistent with the results from a literature review, which suggests that a GOHI as a potential tool for the assessment of One Health performance might be feasible.Conclusions:GOHI—subject to rigorous validation—would represent the world’s first evaluation tool that constructs the conceptual framework from a holistic perspective of One Health. Future application of GOHI might promote a common understanding of a strong One Health approach and provide reference for promoting effective measures to strengthen One Health capacity building. With further adaptations under various scenarios, GOHI, along with its technical protocols and databases, will be updated regularly to address current technical limitations, and capture new knowledge.

简介：人的精子可以趋化现象地由跟随引诱剂分子的一个增加的坡度发现卵。尽管人的精子被观察了显示出趋化性的几个生理的特征，运动的趋化性的模式一直不是容易的描述。然而，当回到引诱剂来源时，趋化性的房间可以被识别，是明显的。这研究向孕酮来源在趋化性的重取向期间描绘人的精子的运动的模式，它是一个生理的引诱剂候选人。借助于videomicroscopy和图象分析，当精子向孕酮的趋化性的集中的来源回来了，运动的一个趋化性的模式被识别(10 ；pmoll−1)。作为它的原来的路径的继续，首先，精子与线性运动从孕酮来源游走然后与能被增加的速度描绘并且减少的一个过渡运动回头线性。这精子行为可以向孕酮来源自己帮助精子到使适应并且可以被用来识别在一给定的时间正在经历趋化性的很少房间。

简介：Twenty-oneyearsaftermalariaantigenswerefirstclonedavaccinestillappearstobealongwayoff.Therehavebeenperiodsofgreatexcitementandinmodelsystemssubunitvaccinehomologuescaninducerobustprotection.However,significantchallengesexistconcerningantigenicvariationandpolymorphism,immunologicalnon-respons-ivenesstoindividualvaccineantigens,parasite-inducedapoptosisofimmuneeffectorandmemorycellsandimmunedeviationasaresultofmaternalimmtmityandalterationsofdendriticcellfunction.