简介：AbstractInfection prevention and control (IPC) measures to reduce transmission of drug-resistant and drug-sensitive tuberculosis (TB) in health facilities are well described but poorly implemented. The implementation of TB IPC has been assessed primarily through quantitative and structured approaches that treat administrative, environmental, and personal protective measures as discrete entities. We present an on-going project entitled Umoya omuhle ( "good air" ), conducted in two provinces of South Africa, that adopts an interdisciplinary, 'whole systems’ approach to problem analysis and intervention development for reducing nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) through improved IPC. We suggest that TB IPC represents a complex intervention that is delivered within a dynamic context shaped by policy guidelines, health facility space, infrastructure, organisation of care, and management culture. Methods drawn from epidemiology, anthropology, and health policy and systems research enable rich contextual analysis of how nosocomial Mtb transmission occurs, as well as opportunities to address the problem holistically. A 'whole systems’ approach can identify leverage points within the health facility infrastructure and organisation of care that can inform the design of interventions to reduce the risk of nosocomial Mtb transmission.

简介：我们以前报导在C3H/HeN(C3H)老鼠的neutrophils的巨大的渗入不能高效地控制感染和力量贡献的Chlamydiamuridarum(厘米)到肺感染的这些老鼠的高危险性。为了推进，在chlamydial感染期间在C3H鼠标定义嗜中性的回答的性质，分别地，我们检验与neutrophils渗入和激活有关的粘附分子和CD11b的表达式后面的intranasal厘米感染。结果证明selectins(E-selectin，P-selectin和L-selectin)的表示，和在C3H老鼠的肺的细胞间的房间粘附molecule-1(ICAM-1)比在C57BL/6(B6)更显著地增加了老鼠，更抵抗的紧张。这些结果在C3H老鼠与巨大的neutrophils渗入相关很好。相反，外部血上的CD11b表示和在C3H鼠标的肺neutrophils在感染(白天14)的迟了的噬菌体期间与B6鼠标相比展出了重要减小。这些调查结果建议在C3H鼠标的粘附分子的高级表达式可以提高neutrophils招募到肺，但是neutrophils上的CD11b表示的衰落可以稀释嗜中性的功能。因此，neutrophils上的CD11b下面规定可以贡献C3H老鼠的失败控制chlamydial肺感染。

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简介：JatrophaCurcasLinnaeous(JatrophaCurcasL)isawonderplantwithavarietyofapplicationsandenormouseconomicpotential.Biodiesel,analternativefuelfromnonediblevegetableoilofJatrophaCurcasplant,hastherequisitepotentialofprovidingapromisingandcommerciallyviablealternativetodieseloilsinceithasthedesirablephysicochemicalandperformancecharacteristicscomparabletodiesel.Thisalternativefueliseco-friendly,costeffectiveandhasthehugepotentialityforthefuturegenerationsthroughouttheworld.Foreffectivecultivationofthisplant,protectionfromdifferentviraldiseasesisessential.Inthispaper,wedescribetheeco-epidemiologicalmodeloftheplantJatrophaCurcasLforunderstandingthediseasedynamicswhichhelpstocontroltheviralinfectionoftheJatrophaCurcasplantcell.Bythisapproach,thisplantcangrowideallyfortherenewablegreenfuelofthefutureworld.

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简介：瞄准：把在病人之间的标准肝炎B(HBV)种痘的反应与长期的丙肝作比较病毒(HCV)感染和健康个人。方法：这是未来的盒子控制研究。有长期的HCV感染和40健康控制的38个病人的一个总数被包括。种痘被20大杯recombinantHBsAg的注射在瞬间0，1和6点执行进三角肌肌肉。Anti-HBs集中是在最后剂量以后决定了3瞬间并且在二个组之间比较了。反应模式是被描绘(1)高反应当anti-HBs抗体效价是>时100IU/L，(2)低反应当效价是10-100IU/L时并且(3)没有反应当效价是<时10IU/L。结果：在耐心的组，有10/38(26.3%)非应答者，8/38(21.1%)低应答者并且20/38(52.6%)高应答者。在控制组的相应价值是2/40(5.0%)，7/40(17.5%)和31/40(77.5%)分别地。反应模式在二个组之间是统计上不同的。在里面多变量分析，吸烟是重要confounder，当HCV感染与更低的抗体反应失去了它的重要关联时。结论：有长期的HCV感染的病人趋于与健康个人相比对HBV种痘微弱地作出回应，尽管这关联不是独立的根据多变量分析。

简介：Wolbachia是感染大量节肢动物和丝虫的线虫的细胞内部的共生者。蚜虫从事与他们的endosymbionts的多样、复杂的关系。Wolbachia的四超群(A，B，M和N)以前在蚜虫和超群M被检测，N仅仅在蚜虫被发现。在这研究，我们在中国在蚜虫的自然人口检测了并且描述Wolbachia感染。三超群(A，B和M)在检验蚜虫种类被发现。超群M是优势的，而超群A和B仅仅在某些种类被检测。超群N没在这研究被发现。也就是，有在蚜虫的Wolbachia的四个感染模式有超群M的感染独自一个，有超群A和M，有超群B和M的合作感染，和有超群A，B和M的合作感染的合作感染。仅仅有超群M的感染的模式是通用的并且在所有评估亚科被发现。仅仅二个亚科，Aphidinae和Lachninae，表明了介绍所有四个感染模式。三个模式在Calaphidinae被观察(M，A&M，B&M)并且Eriosomatinae(M，B&M，A&B&M)。二个模式在Anoeciinae被观察(M，A&M)并且Greenideinae(M，B&M)，并且一仅仅模式(M)在Aphidoidea的留下的家庭或亚科被观察。这些结果显示在中国蚜虫的Wolbachia感染是普遍的。种系发生的分析建议超群M在中国在蚜虫的所有主人种类之中很快并且最近散布了的那Wolbachia。为这传播和它的机制的原因在他们的蚜虫主人上与Wolbachia的可能的效果一起被讨论。

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简介：AbstractIntraamniotic infection (IAI) or chorioamnionitis is a common cause of preterm birth and may cause adverse neonatal outcomes, including neonatal pneumonia, respiratory distress, meningitis, sepsis, and death. Maternal morbidities from intraamniotic infection include dysfunctional labor requiring increased intervention, cesarean birth, postpartum uterine atony with hemorrhage, endometritis, peritonitis, sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome and, rarely, death. Chorioamnionitis can result from an ascending infection, iatrogenic causes or transplacental passage from maternal blood-borne infections. The clinical findings of chorioamnionitis include maternal fever (≥38 °C), maternal (>100 beats per minute) and/or fetal tachycardia (>160 beats per minute), maternal leukocytosis on complete blood count (>15 000 cells/mm3), and uterine tenderness and/or purulent and/or foul-smelling amniotic fluid. The management of chorioamnionitis mainly includes antibiotic therapy and delivery. Women with previable preterm premature rupture of membranes should be offered realistic counseling from a multidisciplinary approach. The separation of the mother and the fetus to preserve the life of the mother should prioritize delivery methods that result in a living fetus if possible, with appropriate neonatal resuscitation available.

简介：AbstractBackground:The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic hit South America badly with multiple waves. Different COVID-19 variants have been storming across the region, leading to more severe infections and deaths even in places with high vaccination coverage. This study aims to assess the spatiotemporal variability of the COVID-19 pandemic and estimate the infection fatality rate (IFR), infection attack rate (IAR) and reproduction number (R0) for twelve most affected South American countries.Methods:We fit a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR)-based model with a time-varying transmission rate to the reported COVID-19 deaths for the twelve South American countries with the highest mortalities. Most of the epidemiological datasets analysed in this work are retrieved from the disease surveillance systems by the World Health Organization, Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center and Our World in Data. We investigate the COVID-19 mortalities in these countries, which could represent the situation for the overall South American region. We employ COVID-19 dynamic model with-and-without vaccination considering time-varying flexible transmission rate to estimate IFR, IAR and R0 of COVID-19 for the South American countries.Results:We simulate the model in each scenario under suitable parameter settings and yield biologically reasonable estimates for IFR (varies between 0.303% and 0.723%), IAR (varies between 0.03 and 0.784) and R0 (varies between 0.7 and 2.5) for the 12 South American countries. We observe that the severity, dynamical patterns of deaths and time-varying transmission rates among the countries are highly heterogeneous. Further analysis of the model with the effect of vaccination highlights that increasing the vaccination rate could help suppress the pandemic in South America.Conclusions:This study reveals possible reasons for the two waves of COVID-19 outbreaks in South America. We observed reductions in the transmission rate corresponding to each wave plausibly due to improvement in nonpharmaceutical interventions measures and human protective behavioral reaction to recent deaths. Thus, strategies coupling social distancing and vaccination could substantially suppress the mortality rate of COVID-19 in South America.

简介：TherobustH∞controlfornetworkedcontrolsystemswithbothstochasticnetwork-induceddelayanddatapacketdropoutisstudied.Whendataaretransmittedovernetwork,thestochasticdatapacketdropoutprocesscanbedescribedbyatwo-stateMarkovchain.Thenetworkedcontrolsystemswithstochasticnetwork-induceddelayanddatapacketdropoutaremodeledasadiscretetimeMarkovjumplinearsystemwithtwooperationmodes.ThesuffcientconditionofrobustH∞controlfornetworkedcontrolsystemsstabilizedbystatefeedbackcontrollerispresentedintermsoflinearmatrixinequality.Thestatefeedbackcontrollercanbeconstructedviathesolutionofasetoflinearmatrixinequalities.Anexampleisgiventoverifytheeffectivenessofthemethodproposed.

简介：Theguaranteedcostcontrolproblemfornetworkedcontrolsystems(NCSs)isaddressedundercommunicationconstraintsandvaryingsamplingrate.Firstofall,asimpleinformation-schedulingschemeispresentedtodescribetheschedulingapproachofsystemsignalsinNCSs.Then,basedonsuchaschemeandgivensamplingmethod,thedesignprocedureindynamicoutputfeedbackmannerisalsoderivedwhichrenderstheclosedloopsystemtobeasymptoticallystableandguaranteesanupperboundoftheLQperformancecostfunction.

简介：【摘要】目的：探讨PDCA循环在放射科院感质控中的应用。方法：使用PDCA循环法管理工具，对放射科院感质控工作进行持续改进，并对结果进行分析。结果：PDCA循环法在放射科院感质控工作的开展与改进中效果明显。结论：通过使用PDCA循环法管理工具，放射科的医院感染质量与控制工作明显改善，充分体现出其在放射科院感质控中的应用价值。

简介：AbstractChronic wounds have always been a tough fight in clinical practice, which can not only make patients suffer from pain physically and mentally but also impose a heavy burden on the society. More than one factor is relevant to each step of the development of chronic wounds. Along with the in-depth research, we have realized that figuring out the pathophysiological mechanism of chronic wounds is the foundation of treatment, while wound infection is the key point concerned. The cause of infection should be identified and prevented promptly once diagnosed. This paper mainly describes the mechanism, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of chronic wound infection, and will put an emphasis on the principle of debridement.

简介：AbstractBismuth-containing quadruple therapy (BQT) has long been recommended for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication in China. Meanwhile, in the latest national consensus in China, dual therapy (DT) comprising an acid suppressor and amoxicillin has also been recommended. In recent years, the eradication rate of H. pylori has reached >90% using DT, which has been used not only as a first-line treatment but also as a rescue treatment. Compared with BQT, DT has great potential for H. pylori eradication; however, it has some limitations. This review summarizes the development of DT and its application in H. pylori eradication. The H. pylori eradication rates of DT were comparable to or even higher than those of BQT or standard triple therapy, especially in the first-line treatment. The incidence of adverse events associated with DT was lower than that with other therapies. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the effects of dual and quadruple therapies on gastrointestinal microecology. In the short term, H. pylori eradication causes certain fluctuations in the gastrointestinal microbiota; however, in the long term, the gastrointestinal microbiota eventually returns to its normal state. In the penicillin-naïve population, patients receiving DT have a high eradiation rate, better compliance, lower incidence of adverse reactions, and lower primary and secondary resistance to amoxicillin. These findings suggest the safety, efficacy, and potential of DT for H. pylori eradication.

简介：ThisarticleisageneralreviewoftheevolvementofHIV/AIDS-relatedpublicpoliciesinChinasince1980's.Ittrackstheimportantlaws,regulationsandothergovernmentaldocumentsinregardtoHIV/AIDSpreventionmainlyatcentrallevel.

简介：新闻事件：2016年2月24日。26名在陕西省镇安县医院进行血液透析的患者被确认感染丙肝病毒。据有关部门初步调查，此次感染为医院医务人员违规操作所致。据了解，对26名已确诊的丙肝病毒感染者，医院将制订诊疗方案，对他们实行免费治疗。陕西省卫计委事件调查组已作出决定，对镇安县医院院长给予党内聱告，分管副院长给予行政记过处分，并免去二人职务。目前共有15人受到党纪政纪处分。

简介：ProteomicshasbeenwidelyusedinthelastfewyearstolookfornewbiomarkersanddecipherthemechanismofHIV-hostinteraction.Herein,wereviewtherecentdevelopmentsofHIV/AIDSproteomicresearch,includingthesamplesusedinHIV/AIDSrelatedresearch,thetechnologiesusedforproteomicstudy,thediagnosisbiomarkersofHIV-associateddiseaseespeciallyHIV-associatedneurocognitiveimpairment,themechanismsofHIV-hostinteraction,HIV-associateddementia,substanceabuse,andsoon.Intheendofthisreview,wealsogivesomeprospectsaboutthelimitationandfutureimprovementofHIV/AIDSproteomicresearch.