简介：AbstractImportance:Acute respiratory infections are quite prevalent in children. Transient hyperphosphatasemia (TH) is defined as the transient elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level, which occurs mainly in infants and children without liver or bone disorders. Although no apparent cause has been identified, a possible association of respiratory infections with TH has been reported in the literature.Objective:In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between TH and respiratory infectious diseases.Methods:We collected the results of biochemical investigations, including ALP level, for a period of 5 years in our hospital. We then examined the patients with transiently elevated ALP levels of > 2000 U/L.Results:During the observation period, 1501 blood samples were collected from 1097 patients. Marked elevation of serum ALP level was observed in 12 patients. All patients with hyperphosphatasemia, except for one with Fanconi syndrome attributable to the underlying Wilson’s disease, were aged < 5 years and were diagnosed with TH. Ten of these 11 patients with TH had acute respiratory infections. Marked ALP elevation was not found in any patients with non-inflammatory diseases. ALP isoenzyme profiles showed a characteristic pattern in all six patients in whom the ALP isoenzyme test was conducted.Interpretation:Our results suggest an association between respiratory infections and TH. The consideration of TH in patients with acute respiratory infections may lead to earlier and accurate diagnosis of this condition, thereby avoiding unnecessary medical interventions.

简介：AbstractIntroduction:Malignant syphilis (MS) is a rare and severe variant of secondary syphilis that is frequently associated with HIV infection. The clinical impact of HIV and syphilis co-infection is bidirectional, and the presence of MS is associated with acute HIV infection. Clinically, MS is characterized by nodular and ulcerative lesions affecting the trunk and extremities, which are covered with thick crusts. The treatment of choice for MS remains benzathine penicillin G. Herein, we report a case in which MS was the initial presentation of HIV infection.Case presentation:A 35-year-old male patient came with the chief complaint of extensive erythematous nodular rash for the past one month, with notable ulceration on some lesions with annular configuration along with fever and malaise. Based on the abovementioned clinical, laboratory, and histopathologic findings, the patient was diagnosed with MS and HIV. The diagnosis was established based on histopathological examination and syphilis serological testing.Discussion:Cutaneous disorders are a frequent presenting feature of HIV infection. The clinical manifestations of syphilis in immunosuppressed patients are often severe and/or atypical. The patient was then treated with weekly intramuscular administration of 2.4 million units of benzathine penicillin G for 3 weeks and achieved rapid and significant clinical improvement, with no Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.Conclusion:Co-infection with syphilis and HIV alters the course of both diseases, and most HIV-infected patients with syphilis have typical disease manifestations associated with decreased CD4+ T-cell counts.

简介：AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that intestinal bacteria play an important role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Due to the complexity of the intestinal microbiome, identification of the specific causative microbial agents in CRC remains challenging, and the search for the causative microbial agents is intense. However, whether bacteria or their products can induce inflammation that results in tumorigenesis or directly causes CRC in humans is still not clear. This review will mainly focus on the progress of bacterial infection and CRC, and introduce the microbial contribution to the hallmarks of cancer. This article uses Salmonella and its chronic infection as an example to investigate a single pathogen and its role in the development of CRC, based on laboratory and epidemiological evidence. The bacterial infection leads to an altered intestinal microbiome. The review also discusses the dysfunction of the microbiome and the mechanism of host-microbial interactions, for example, bacterial virulence factors, key signaling pathways in the host, and microbial post-translational modifications in the tumorigenesis. Colonic carcinogenesis involves a progressive accumulation of mutations in a genetically susceptible host leading to cellular autonomy. Moving forward, more human data are needed to confirm the direct roles of bacterial infection in CRC development. Insights into the inhibiting infection will help to prevent cancer and develop strategies to restore the balance between host and microorganisms.

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简介：PolyomavirusBK（BKV）infectsupto90%ofthegeneralpopulation.Afterprimaryinfection,occurringearlyduringchildhood,astateofnon-replicativeinfectionisestablishedinthereno-urinarytract,withoutcomplicationsforimmunocompetenthosts.Inimmunocompromisedindividuals,particularlytransplantedpatients,asymptomaticBKVviremiaand/orviruriacanbeobserved.RenalgraftsmayalsobesourcesofinfectionasBKVpreferskidneysratherthanothersolidorgansfortransplantationsuchastheliver.ThemechanismbehindthehigherincidenceofBKVinfectioninkidneytransplantpatients,comparedtoliverorhearttransplantation,isunclearandtheprevalenceofBKVinfectioninnon-renalsolidorgantransplantshasnotbeenyetthoroughlyinvestigated.WeevaluatedtheprevalenceofPolyomavirusBKinfectionamonglivertransplantrecipients.APubMedsearchwasconductedusingthetermsBKVinfectionANDlivertransplantrecipients;BKVANDnon-renalsolidorgantransplant＊;BKVinfectionANDimmunosuppression;thesearchwaslimitedtotitle/abstractandEnglish-languagearticlespublishedfrom2000,toMarch2015.ElevenrelevantstudiessuggestthattheprevalenceofBKVviruriaand/orviremiaamonglivertransplantrecipientsislessthanthatreportedinkidneyorhearttransplantrecipients,exceptwhenchronickidneydisease（CKD）ispresentatthesametime.DataalsosuggestthatviruricandviremicpatientshavehigherlevelsofserumcreatininethanBKVnegativepatients.Moreover,nospecificimmunosuppressivedrugsareassociatedwiththeonsetofBKVnephropathy.ThecomorbidityoftransplantationandCKDcouldplayamajorroleinpromotingBKVreplication.

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简介：Objectives:ToevaluatetheVidasChlamydia(CHL)assayfordetectingC.Trachomatiswithswabsandfirstcatchurine(FCU)specimensfromSTDpatientsandhighriskpopulations.Methods:Atotalof383patientsweretestedwithtissueculture(TC),VidasCHLandpolymerasechainreaction(PCR)forC.trachomatisonmaleandfemaleswabs,withVidasCHLtestingmaleFCUspecimens.CHLpositiveandequivocalresultswereconfirmedwithablockingassay(CHB).TruepositiveweredefinedaseitherTCpositive,orTCnegtivebutCHLandPCRpositive.TheperformanceofTC,CHLandPCRwereevaluatedaccordingtothisexpandedgoldstandard.Results:Comparedwiththeexpandedgoldstandard,54ofthe232malespecimensweretruepositiveresults.Formaleswabs,TC,CHLandPCRhadsensitivitiesof90.7%,96.3%and94.4%,andspecificitiesof100%,98.3%and97.2%,respectively.Differenceswerenotstatisticallysignificant.FormaleFCUspecimens,CHLsensitivityandspecificitywere83.3%and98.3%;therewaslittledifferencebetweentheseresultsandthatofmatchedswabs.Comparedwiththeexpandedgoldstandard,28ofthe151femaleswabsweretruepositive;TC,CHLandPCRhadsensitivitiesof82.1%,100%and96.4%,andspecificitiesof100%,98.4%and97.6%,respectively.Thedifferencewasalsonotsignificant.Conclusions:VidasCHLassayisverysensitiveandspecificforC.trachomatisdetectionwithswabspecimensofmaleandfemaleSTDpatients.FormaleFCUspecimens,theassayalsohadhighsensitivityandspecificity.CHBmaynotbeneededintheroutinedetectionofChlamydiainfections.PopulationswithhigherincidenceofC.trachomatisinfection.

简介：Inthispaper,asystemofreaction-diffusionequationsarisinginanutrient-phytoplanktonpopulationsisinvestigated.Theequationsmodelasituationinwhichphytoplanktonpopulationisdividedintotwogroups,namelysusceptiblephytoplanktonandinfectedphytoplankton.Anumberofexistenceandnon-existenceresultsaboutthenon-constantsteadystatesofareactiondiffusionsystemaregiven.Ifthediffusioncoefficientoftheinfectedphytoplanktonistreatedasbifurcationparameter,non-constantpositivesteady-statesolutionsmaybifurcatefromtheconstantsteady-statesolutionundersomeconditions.

简介：Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)hashadaninsightfulimpactaboutthestateofhealthinessofhumanimmunesystem.Duetogreatimprovementindrugtherapy,HIVinfectionshavebeenreducedby17%overthepasteightyears.IthasbeenprovedthatmosteffectivetreatmentHAART(HighlyActiveAntiRetroviralTherapy)mainlycontrolsthediseasesprogressionbutitdoesnoteradicatethediseasescompletely.ReverseTranscriptaseInhibitordrugsspeciallyassociatedwithvirusspecificCytotoxicT-Lymphocyte(CTL)thatdeclineswithdiseaseprogression.CTLresponsesagainstAIDSpathogenesiscouldbepotentialinthedynamicsofvirusreplication,recognitionandclearanceofinfectedcells.InthisresearcharticleamathematicalmodelhasbeenproposedonthebasisofCTLresponsesuppressioninthechronicphaseofinfectionduetopresenceofvirus.WealsoconsiderthegrowthoftheviruspopulationfromtheinfectedCD4~+Tcellsbuddingprocessandfromtheotherinfectedcellslikemacrophagesandthymocytes.Ouranalyticalandnumericalstudiesareconsistentwithexistingobservationsfromalliedareas.

简介：AbstractKeratinocytes, located in the outer part of human skin, are the main epidermal cell type and play an essential role in skins defense against infection. Besides creating a physical barrier between the environment and the internal body, keratinocytes exert powerful immune function in anti-pathogen infection in the skin. At the recognition stage, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by keratinocytes sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) existing in pathogens. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are the most important PRRs in keratinocytes. Other PRRs such as dectin-1 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are also found to participate in this process. Activated PRRs enhance the secretion of cytokines, chemokines and the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-18, chemokines (C-X-Cmotif) ligand (CXCL) 1, CXCL2, CCL20, CCL2 and IL-8, AMPs human β-defensin (HBD) 2, HBD3 and LL37 are the main molecules expressed in this procedure. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-36γ, IL-17 family member IL- 17C and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 can also be secreted. Some molecules produced by keratinocytes such as ribonuclease 5 and 7, S100 proteins own antimicrobial properties. Keratinocytes defense responses can be regulated by internal and external factors. This review summarizes recent advances on the innate immune function of keratinocytes against infection, promoting the finding of a new direction for avoiding severe skin infection as well as the potential treatment of keratinocyte-associated inflammatory dermatosis.

简介：AIM:ToinvestigateFusobacteriumnucleatum（F.nucleatum）abundanceincolorectalcancer（CRC）tissuesanditsassociationwithCRCinvasivenessinChinesepatients.METHODS:Theresectedcancerandadjacentnormaltissues（10cmbeyondcancermargins）from101consecutivepatientswithCRCwerecollected.Fluorescentquantitativepolymerasechainreaction（FQ-PCR）wasappliedtodetectF.nucleatuminCRCandnormaltissues.ThedifferenceofF.nucleatumabundancebetweencancerandnormaltissuesandtherelationshipofF.nucleatumabundancewithclinicalvariableswereevaluated.Fluorescenceinsituhybridization（FISH）analysiswasperformedon22CRCtissueswiththehighestF.nucleatumabundancebyFQ-PCRtestingtoconfirmFQ-PCRresults.RESULTS:ThemedianabundanceofF.nucleatuminCRCtissues[0.242（0.178-0.276）]wassignificantlyhigherthanthatinnormalcontrols[0.050（0.023-0.067）]（P<0.001）.F.nucleatumwasover-representedin88/101（87.1%）CRCsamples.TheabundanceofF.nucleatumdeterminedby2-ΔCTwassignificantlygreaterintumorsamples[0.242（0.178,0.276）]thaninnormalcontrols[0.050（0.023,0.067）]（P<0.001）.Thefrequencyofpatientswithlymphnodemetastaseswashigherintheover-abundancegroup[52/88（59.1%）]thanintheunder-abundancegroup[0/13（0%）]（P<0.005）.NosignificantassociationofF.nucleatumwithotherclinico-pathologicalvariableswasobserved（P>0.05）.FISHanalysisalsofoundmoreF.nucleatuminCRCthaninnormaltissues(mediannumber6,25th3,75th10vs2,25th1,75th5)（P<0.01）.CONCLUSION:F.nucleatumwasenrichedinCRCtissuesandassociatedwithCRCdevelopmentandmetastasis.

简介：SincetheoutbreakofaSARSepidemiclastyear,significantadvanceshavebeenmadeonourunderstandingofthemechanismsofinteractionbetweentheSARScoronavirus(CoV)andtheimmunesystem.StronghumoralresponseshavebeenfoundinmostpatientsfollowingSARS-CoVinfection,withhightitersofneutralizingAbspresentintheirconvalescentsera.Thenucleocapsid(N)andspike(S)proteinsofSARS-CoVappeartobethedominantantigensrecognizedbyserumAbs.CD4+TcellresponsesagainsttheNproteinhavebeenobservedinSARSpatientsandanHLA-A2-restrictedcytotoxicTlymphocyteepitopeintheSproteinhasbeenidentified.ItislikelythattheimmuneresponsesinducedbySARS-CoVinfectioncouldalsocausepathologicaldamagetothehost,especiallyinthecaseofproinflammatorycytokines.ThereisalsoevidencesuggestingthatSARS-CoVmightbeabletodirectlyinvadecellsoftheimmunesystem.OurunderstandingontheinteractionbetweenSARS-CoV,theimmunesystemandlocaltissuesisessentialtofuturediagnosis,controlandtreatmentofthisverycontagiousdisease.

简介：Itisafactthatthefeedbackdelayactuallyarieseindigitalcontrolsystems.Itisnecessarytomodifythestructureofdigitalcontrolsystemsanddevelopnewcontrolalgorithms,whichisdoneinthispaper.Agreatnumberofdigitalcomputersimulationexperimentshaveshowntheobviousadvantageofthenewalgorithms.

简介：Inthepaperwediscusssomepropertiesofthestateoperatorsoftheoptimalobstaclecontrolproblemforellipticvariationalinequality.Existence,uniquenessandregularityoftheoptimalcontrol,problemareestablished.Inaddition,theapproximationoftheoptimalobstacleproblemisalsostudied.

简介：TheBEPCwillincreaseitsluminositytentimeswithupgradeofboththemachineanddetector,whichistheprojectBEPCII,Theprojectwillbestartedatbeginningchineanddetector,whichistheprojectBEPCII.Theprojectwillbestartedatbeginningof2002andfinishedwithin3-4years.InordertoreachthegoaloftheBEPCII,anumberofnewequipmentwillbeaddedinthesystem,suchasthesuperconductingRFcavities,newmagnetpowersuppliesandbeamfeedbacksystem,andtheBEPCcontrolsystemhastobeupgraded.TheBEPCcontrolsystemwasbuiltin1987andwasupgradedin1994.ItisanOpenVMSandCAMACbased-system,someequipmentiscontrolledbyPCs.WearegoingtoupgradetheexistingsystembyEPICS.SeveralVMEIOCswillbeaddedinthesystemwithfeildbus,PLCsforthenewequipmentcontrol.Andwewillkeeptheexistingsysteminuse,suchasCAMAChardware,PCbasedsub-controlandapplicationprograms,whichwillbemergedintotheEPICSsystem.RecentlythedevelopmentoftheEPICSprototypehasbeenstarted.Regardsomeslowcontrol,commercialSCADAproductcanbechosenasthedevelopmenttool.WehavejustfinishedaprototypewiththeSCADAproductWizcon.Thispaperwilldescribethesystemdesignanddevelopmentissues.

简介：Recentprogressintheelectricalcontrolofmagnetisminoxides,withprofoundphysicsandenormouspotentialapplications,isreviewedandillustrated.Inthefirstpart,weprovideacomprehensivesummaryoftheelectricalcontrolofmagnetismintheclassicmultiferroicheterostructuresandclarifythevariousmechanismslyingbehindthem.Thesecondpartfocusesonthenoveltechniqueofelectricdoublelayergatingfordrivingasignificantelectronicphasetransitioninmagneticoxidesbyasmallvoltage.Inthethirdpart,electricfieldappliedonordinarydielectricoxideisusedtocontrolthemagneticphenomenonoriginatingfromchargetransferandorbitalreconstructionattheinterfacebetweendissimilarcorrelatedoxides.Attheend,weanalyzethechallengesinelectricalcontrolofmagnetisminoxides,boththemechanismsandpracticalapplications,whichwillinspiremorein-depthresearchandadvancethedevelopmentinthisfield.

简介：Myocardialperfusioniswellcontrolledbyadjustmentofvasomotortoneofre-sistancevessels.Thestaticandsamedynamicaspectsofcoronaryflowcontrolcanwellbedescribedbyassumingfeedbackfromtissueoxygenpressuretothecoronaryvessel.Theseresistancevesselsaresmallarteriesfrom400/mandlessinarteriolesdownto10/m.Itisnotclearyethowvesselsofdifferentsizecanbeunderthecon-troloftissuefactorsandhowadaptationoftoneinlargervesselsistunedtothatofsmallerones.

简介：Asacontagiousbacterialinfectionthataffectstheconjunctivalcoveringoftheeye,thecorneaandtheeyelids,trachomaiscontrolledbyanendorsedintegratedstrategyconsistingofsurgeryfortrichiasis,antibiotictherapy,facialcleanlinessandenvironmentalimprovement,namely,theSAFEstrategydevelopedbyWorldHealthOrganization.Developedbasedonevidencefrompreviousfieldtrialsandconstantlymodifiedinpractice,SAFEstrategyhasgreatlyboostedtheprogressintrachomacontrol.Regardlessofthefactthattherearestillmanypendingquestions,nationalprogramcoordinatorsareconvincedthattrachomacontrolinitiativebasedonSAFEstrategywouldbeeffective.

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