简介：Hydrodynamicpropertiesandstructureofstrongshockwavesinclassicaldenseheliumaresimulatedusingnon-equilibriummoleculardynamicsmethods.Theshockspeedinthesimulationreaches100km/sandtheMachnumberisover250,whichareclosetotheparametersofshockwavesintheimplosionprocessofinertialconfinementfusion.Thesimulationsshowthatthehigh-Mach-numbershockwavesindensemediahavenotabledifferencesfromweakshockwavesorthoseindilutegases.Theseresultswillprovideusefulinformationontheimplosionprocess,especiallythestructureofstrongshockwavefront,whichremainsanopenquestioninhydrodynamicsimulations.

简介：ResultsofinelasticneutronscatteringexperinientsandabinitiomoleculardynamicssimulationsforGeTe一theparentcompoundofphase-changematerialsarereported.TheinelasticneutronspectraofGeTepowdersampleshavebeendeterminedinthetemperaturerangeextendingfrom300to700K.Thephononpeaksundergothermalshiftsresultingfromanharmoniceffectsbeingweakerforacousticthanopticmodes.AsmallconcentrationoffreechargecarriesarisingfromthepresenceofGe-vacancieswasfoundnottoaffectsignificantlytheneutronweightedphonondensitiesofstatesofGeTe.Thespectralpatternchangesqualitativelyacrossthestructuralphasetransition,butthelocalstructureofGeTeremainshardlyaffected,asconfirmedbytheanalysisoftemperaturedependenceofthepairdistributionfunctionobtainedfromabinitiomoleculardynamicsinvestigations.Thepresenttheoreticalstudiessupportinawideextentourexperimentalobservationsandalsothoseprovidedbylocalprobemethods.

简介：Weobserveanonlinearresponseofadual-wavelengthNd:YAGlaserwhensubjectedtolow-frequencyperiodicmodulationsofcavitylosses.Themodulationfrequencyisfarfromtherelaxationoscillationfrequency.Theharmonicresonancesofthetwolaserwavelengthsassociatedwithantiphaseintensityoscillationsaredemonstratedandresonancesuptothefourthorderwereobserved.Forrelativelyweakmodulation,theintensityoscillationfrequencyofthelaserisequaltothemodulationfrequency.Harmonicresonancesoccurunderastrongermodulation.Wefindthatmoreharmoniccomponentsappearwhenthemodulationfrequencyisincreased.Furthermore,withenhancingthemodulation,thedominantfrequencyoftheintensityoscillationsofbothwavelengthsisshiftedtowardthehigher-orderharmonicfrequency.更多还原

简介：Thearticlepresentsthemostimportantresultsofmetabolic(hormonal)studyofdosedvibrationtraining(DVT).Theauthorpresentsvibratingtrainingasanalternativetoanabolicsteroidsonthebasisofacomparisonoftheeffectivenessoftwotypesofstimulants-forbidden(doping)andnon-medicinalnon-invasive,relatingtopermittedphysicalmeans.Thestudyshowsthatthelevelofandrogens(testosterone),corticosteroids(cortisol),thyroidhormones(thyroxine,triiodothyronine),hormonesofadenohypophysis(prolactin)increasedundertheeffectofdosedvibrationtraining.Atthesametimethelevelofhormoneshavenochangesundertraditionalstrengthtrainingwiththeuseofasyntheticanabolicsteroid(retabolil).Forthedurationofalimitedperiodoftime(1microcycles)dosedvibrotrainingcausesamorepowerfulsecretionoftestosteronethanthetraditionalstrengthtrainingwiththeuseofanabolicsteroids.Inthiscase,theoveralltimespentontheperformanceoftheDVTtrainingprogramcomprisesnotmorethan15%ofthetimespentonthetraditionaltrainingexercises.

简介：为了提供，身体上在地区性的规模为风侵蚀研究基于风建模，3D计算液体动力学(CFD)风模型被开发。模型基于海军司烧方程用C语言被规划，并且它作为开放源代码自由地可得到。与空间分析和建模工具(SAMT)综合，风模型举办方便输入准备和强大的产量可视化。为了验证风模型，，一系列实验在一条风隧道被进行。一个堵住的流入实验被设计在基本液体进程的模拟上测试模型的性能。一个圆障碍实验被设计检查模型是否能在风地上模仿障碍的影响。结果证明测量并且模仿的风地有高关联，和风模型能两个都模仿风的基本过程和对风地的障碍的影响。这些结果显示出风模型的高可靠性。一个区域的一个数字举起模型(DEM)(长的3800m和1700m宽)在在内部蒙古的Xilingele草地(自治区域，中国)被用于模型，和一块3D风地成功地被产生了。由风隧道实验的模型和足够的确认的清楚的实现在地区性的规模为风侵蚀的预言和评价打了一个稳固的基础。

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简介：Hardwareintheloopsimulation(HILS)hasbeeninvestigatedinthefieldofthemultibodydynamics(MBD),whichcombinedtheMBDsimulationwiththeactualmechanicalsystem.ThefastsimulationisnecessaryfortheHILSsysteminordertorequiretherealtimesimulation.Thispaperpresentsafastsimulationtechniqueusingthedomaindecompositionmethodwiththeiterationintheflexiblemultibodysysteminwhichflexiblelinkagesystemandelectro-hydraulicdrivesystemarecoupledwitheachother.

简介：Therecentresearchworkondomainstructuresandtheirdynamicsinfenoelasticandferroelectriccrystalsbywhite-beamsynchrotronradiationtopographyissummarized.Thereal-timeimaging,fine-beamLauediffraction,andanomalous-scatteringtopographywerecarriedouttothestudyofthedomainstructuresandphasetransitionintheferroelasticNdP5O14andLaP5O14,andferroelectricKTa1-xNbxO3,(Ba0.25Sr0.75)0.9(K0.5Na0.5)0.2Nb2O6,andKTiOPO4crystals.Somepreliminaryresultsarepresentedanddiscussed.

简介：Overthepastdecadetheintegrationofultrafastspectroscopywithnanosciencehasgreatlypropelledthedevelopmentofnanoscience,asthekeyinformationgleanedfromthemechanisticstudieswiththeassistanceofultrafastspectroscopyenablesadeeperunderstandingofthestructure–functioninterplayandvariousinteractionsinvolvedinthenanosystems.Thismini-reviewpresentsanoverviewoftherecentadvancesachievedinourultrafastspectroscopylaboratorythataddresstheultrafastdynamicsandrelatedmechanismsinseveralrepresentativenanomaterialcomplexsystemsbymeansoffemtosecondtime-resolvedtransientabsorptionspectroscopy.Weattempttoconveyinstructive,consistentinformationregardingtheimportantprocesses,pathways,dynamics,andinteractionsinvolvedinthenanomaterialcomplexsystems,mostofwhichexhibitexcellentperformanceinphotocatalysis.

简介：我们调查周期的倒置和与裂口步Fourier方法在非局部的非线性的媒介宣传的正常、代替的有限精力的空气的横梁的阶段转变。数字模拟结果证明象nonlocality和振幅的度那样的参数在一根空气的横梁的时期的紧张分发上有深刻效果。如果nonlocality是足够强壮的，非局部的非线性的媒介将简化为一个泛音潜力，它导致波动在的横梁一近似余弦模式。横梁侧面在一个批评的点从空气的侧面改变到Gaussian，并且在繁殖期间，这个过程重复形成不平常的摆动。我们另外简短铁饼二维的案例，等价于二个一个维的案例的一个产品。

简介：Byutilizingtotalmagneticfluxφoftheprimaryandsecondarywindingsoftheflybacktransformerasastatevariable,thediscrete-timemodelofcurrent-modecontrolledflybackconverterisestablished,uponwhichthebifurcationbehaviorsoftheconverterareanalyzedandtwoboundaryclassificationequationsoftheorbitstateshiftingareobtained.Theoperation-stateregionsofthecurrent-modecontrolledflybackconverterarewellclassifiedbytwoboundaryclassificationequations.Thetheoreticalanalysisresultsareverifiedbypowerelectronicssimulator(PSIM).Theestimationofoperation-stateregionsfortheflybackconverterisusefulforthedesignofcircuitparameters,stabilitycontrolofchaos,andchaos-basedapplications.

简介：Background:Conceptualmodelsofforestdynamicsarepowerfulcognitivetools,whichareindispensableforcommunicatingecologicalideasandknowledge,andindevelopingstrategicapproachesandsettingtargetsforforestconservation,restorationandsustainablemanagement.Forestdevelopmentthroughtimeisconventionallydescribedasadirectional,or'linear',andpredictablesequenceofstagesfrom'bareground'tooldforestrepresentingthe'climax-state'.However,thissimpleviewisincompatiblewiththecurrentknowledgeandunderstandingofintrinsicvariabilityofforestdynamics.Hypothesis:Overlysimpleconceptualmodelsofforestdynamicseasilybecometransformedintobiasedmentalmodelsofhowforestsnaturallydevelopandwhatkindofstructurestheydisplay.Tobeabletocommunicatetheessentialfeaturesanddiversityofforestdynamics,comprehensiveconceptualmodelsareneeded.Forthisend,Kuuluvainen(2009)suggestedarelativelysimpleconceptualmodelofforestdynamics,whichseparatesthreemajormodesofforestdynamics,andincorporatesstatechangesandtransitionsbetweentheforestdynamicsmodesdependingonchangesindisturbanceregime.Conclusions:Conceptualmodelsofforestdynamicsshouldbecomprehensiveenoughtoincorporatebothlongtermdirectionalchangeandshort-termcyclicforestdynamics,aswellastransitionsfromonedynamicsmodetoanotherdependingonchangesinthedrivingdisturbanceregimetype.Modelsthatcapturesuchessentialfeaturesofforestdynamicsareindispensableforeducationalpurposes,insettingreferenceconditionsandindevelopingmethodsinforestconservation,restorationandecosystemmanagement.

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简介：在运输的现代模式的出现前，传统的道路基础结构是执行全国社会经济的交换的主要历史的工具。然而，运输基础结构的历史几乎没从研究人员收到很少注意。给这个背景，这里报导的工作在中国检验了运输网络的长期的开发。国家道路网络为学习被选择，到1900广告的从1600BC的3500年被选择为学习时期。指示物为道路网络的成熟水平被设计，一个可接近性模型为最短的距离的路径被开发。自从商王朝(1600BC)，在中国的道路网络的进化被描述，它的主要特征被总结揭示长期的整齐。道路网络和它的可接近性的成熟水平被估计，有好、差的网络的区域被识别。在瓷器自然、社会、经济的系统和道路网络之间的关系被讨论。我们的分析证明在中国的道路网络有很多长期的整齐。连续地膨胀的道路网络特别向边阶区域跟随内陆扩大的一条路径。然而，它的范围和可接近性被一种核心外设配置描绘，它有结束与的关系，不是仅仅自然条件，而且国家防卫和战争。国家力量，国家陆地统治，邮政运输，专业化货物的运输，和国际贸易的集中化也与道路网络的发展有关。这研究引起注意到运输网络的演变整齐。

简介：Background:Forestmanagementfacesaclimateinducedshiftingrowthpotentialandincreasingcurrentandemergingnewrisks.Vulnerabilityanalysisprovidesdecisionsupportbasedonprojectionsofnaturalresourcestakingrisksanduncertaintiesintoaccount.Inthispaperwe(1)characterizedifferencesinforestdynamicsunderthreemanagementscenarios,(2)analysetheeffectsofthethreescenariosontworiskfactors,windthrowanddroughtstress,and(3)quantifytheeffectsandtheamountofuncertaintyarisingfromclimateprojectionsonheightincrementanddroughtstress.Methods:InfourregionsinnorthernGermany,weapplythreecontrastingmanagementscenariosandprojectforestdevelopmentunderclimatechangeuntil2070.Threeclimateruns(minimum,median,maximum)basedontheemissionscenarioRCP8.5controlthesite-sensitiveforestgrowthfunctions.Theminimumandmaximumclimaterundefinetherangeofprospectiveclimatedevelopment.Results:Theprojectionsofdifferentmanagementregimesuntil2070showthedivergingmedium-termeffectsofthinningsandharvestsandlong-termeffectsofspeciesconversiononaregionalscale.Examplesofwindthrowvulnerabilityanddroughtstressrevealhowadaptationmeasuresdependontheappliedmanagementpathandthedecision-maker’sriskattitude.Uncertaintyanalysisshowstheincreasingvariabilityofdroughtriskprojectionswithtime.Theeffectofclimateprojectionsonheightgrowtharequantifiedanduncertaintyanalysisrevealsthatheightgrowthofyoungtreesisdominatedbytheage-trendwhereastheclimatesignalinheightincrementofoldertreesisdecisive.Conclusions:Droughtriskisaseriousissueintheeasternregionsindependentoftheappliedsilviculturalscenario,butadaptationmeasuresarelimitedastheproportionofthemostdroughttolerantspeciesScotspineisalreadyhigh.Windthrowriskisnoseriousoverallthreatinanyregion,butadequatecounter-measuressuchasspeciesconversion,speciesmixtureorreductiono

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简介：Thispaperreportsthatanexperimentalstudyisconductedtoexaminethedynamicsoftheoutflowintwo-layerexchangeflowsinachannelconnectingbetweentwowaterbodieswithasmalldensitydifference.TheexperimentsrevealthegenerationofKelvin-Helmholtz(KH)instabilitieswithinthehydraulicallysub-criticalflowregionofthechannel.Duringmaximalexchange,thoseKHinstabilitiesdevelopsintolarge-amplitudeKHwavesastheyescapethechannelexitintothereservoir.Thepropagationspeed...

简介：Selectivitycontrolisadifficultscientificandindustrialchallengeinmethanol-to-olefins(MTO)conversion.Ithasbeenexperimentallyestablishedthatthetopologyofzeolitecatalystsinfluencedthedistributionofproducts.Besidesthetopologyeffectonreactionkinetics,thetopologyinfluencesthediffusionofreactantsandproductsincatalystsaswell.Inthiswork,byusingCOMPASSforce-fieldmoleculardynamicsmethod,weinvestigatedtheintracrystallinediffusionofetheneandpropeneinfourdifferentzeolites,CHA,MFI,BEAandFAU,atdifferenttemperatures.Theself-diffusioncoefficientsanddiffusionactivationbarrierswerecalculated.AstrongrestrictiononthediffusionofpropeneinCHAwasobservedbecausetheself-diffusioncoefficientratioofethenetopropeneislargerthan18andthediffusionactivationbarrierofpropeneismorethan20kJ/molinCHA.Thisratiodecreaseswiththeincreaseoftemperatureinthefourinvestigatedzeolites.TheshapeselectivityonproductsfromdiffusionperspectivecanprovidesomeimplicationsontheunderstandingoftheselectivitydifferencebetweenHSAPO-34andHZSM-5catalystsfortheMTOconversion.