简介：TheSimplifiedSimpleBiospheremodel(SSiB)isvalidatedinoff-linesimulationsagainstfieldmeasurementsinthesummerof2001fromtheChinaHeavyRainfallExperimentandStudy(CHeRES)overagrasslandsitelocatedinthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.Wheninitializedanddrivenbytheobservedatmosphericforcing,themodelreproducedtheobservedsurfaceheatfluxesandsurfaceskintemperaturerealistically.Themodelwasalsoabletowellsimulatethevariationofsoilwatercontent.Thesensitivityexperimentsfoundthattheleafreflectancewasthemostsignificantparameterinimprovingtheestimationofsurfacealbedoduringbothwetanddryperiods.Thisstudysuggeststhatthemodeliscapableofsimulatingthephysicalprocessesandofassessingtheimpactofbiophysicalparametersthatrelatetoland-atmosphereinteractionsovertheeasternAsianmonsoonregions,whichiscrucialformesoscaleatmosphericmodels.

简介：-Amild-slopeequationforcombinedrefractionanddiffractionofrandomwavesintheindependenttimecurrentisderivedusingKirbyequation(1984).Inthederivation,thefrequencyofrandomwavesisrepresentedbasedonthetimeseriesconcept,byatypicalfrequencyanditsdeviationpart.Numericalresults,comparedwiththoseoflaboratoryexperiments,demonstratethatnewsetofirregularmildslopeequationwithcurrentisofgoodadaptability.

简介：Athree-dimensionalcloud-scalemodelhasbeendesigned.Thegoverningequationsofthemodelarecomposedoftwogroupsofequations:onegroupincludescompressiblemotionequations,continuityequation,pressureequationandthermodynamicequation,whichareofEuleriantype,andtheotherconsistsofcloud-precipitationmicrophysicsequationswhichareofLagrangiantype.Sincethedegreeofinfluenceofsoundwaveontheairmotionisquitedifferentfromthatonthetemperatureorhydrometeors,thetimesplittingprocedureisusedinsolvinggoverningequations.Bothunstaggeredandstaggeredmesheshavebeenutilized.Integra-tionschemesadoptedaretheEulerianbackwarddifferencemethodfortheunstaggeredmeshandsemi-implicitmethodforstaggeredmesh.Severalexperimentsofmodellinghavebeenconductedandareasonablethree-dimensionalimageofdeepconvectionisobtained.Withthismodelthehorizontalandverticalvortexcircula-tionsaresimulated.Furthermore,theeffectsofhorizontalvortexontheformationanddevelopmentofdowndraftwithincloudhavealsobeenstudied.

简介：在2005和2006收集的表面沉积样品的Geochemical分析被用来评估在东南波兰Solina水库的沉积在场的有机物的潜在的来源。沉积变量的统计分析(碳到氮比率，和碳13和氮15同位素比率)决定了因为器官的部分关于有机物的来源显示了重要空间可变性。一个二进制混合模型从文学来源被开发预言属曾被地壳动力搬、本土的生产的相对贡献到沉积有机物。本土的生产被显示在水库的湖的部分说明体积沉积的60-75%，在水坝附近。相反，本土的生产说明了因为仅仅在收到流的河流的地区的25%沉积输入。统计分析识别了15有机物的N作为有机物的来源的最好的预言者。多重回归分析显示二个水质量变量(硝酸盐和溶解硅石)是显著地与15有机物的N签名。这导致了那湖泊的硝酸盐和溶解硅石集中在Solina水库正在调整有机物生产的一个结论。

简介：对线线的描述拓扑的关系尽管许多努力被做了，仍然是一个未解决的问题。这个问题涉及象空间质问，空间分析和制图综合那样的许多实际应用。开发一条健全、有效的途径描述线线关系，它是第一必要排队定义一个个人的拓扑学，即，本地拓扑学。连接的度的概念在一根线的几何结构被用于拓扑的差别的鉴定。一根线的一般拓扑的定义被给，即，端点集合和内部点设定。这个定义能被用于不同尺寸的嵌入的空格，合作尺寸是否等于或比零大。在这个基础上，打电话给4intersection-and-difference的一个通用模型为对基本线线的描述被建立拓扑的关系，一张概念的邻居图与拓扑的距离的考虑在之上被造。建议模型能在/R~1和/R~2代表在线片断之间的拓扑的变化，和基本关系的性质，这被结束。

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简介：彭永清，严绍谨，王同美ＡＮｏｎｌｉｎｅａｒＴｉｍｅ－ｌａｇＤｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌＥｑｕａｔｉｏｎＭｄｅｌｆｏｒＰｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｎｇＭｏｎｔｈｌｙＰｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎ￥ＰｅｎｓＹｏｎｓｑｉｎｇ；ＹａｎＳｈａｏｊｉｎａｎｄＷａｎｇＴｏｎｇｍｅｉ（...

简介：Avertical(laterallyaveraged)two-dimensionalhydrodynamicmodelisdevelopedfortides,tidalcurrent,andsalinityinabranchedestuarinesystem.ThegoverningequationsaresolvedwiththehydrostaticpressuredistributionassumptionandtheBoussinesqapproximation.Anexplicitschemeisemployedtosolvethecontinuityequations.ThemomentumandmassbalanceequationsaresolvedimplicitlyintheCartesiancoordinatesystem.Thetributariesaregovernedbythesamedynamicequations.Acontrolvolumeatthejunctionsisdesignedtoconservemassandvolumetransportinthefinitedifferenceschemes,basedonthephysicalprincipleofcontinuummediumoffluid.Predictionsbythedevelopedmodelarecomparedwiththeanalyticsolutionsofsteadywind-drivencirculatoryflowandtidalflow.Themodelresultsforthevelocitiesandwatersurfaceelevationscoincidewithanalyticresults.ThemodelisthenappliedtotheTanshuiRiverestuarinesystem.Detailedmodelcalibrationandverificationhavebeenconductedwithmeasuredwatersurfaceelevations,tidalcurrent,andsalinitydistributions.Theoverallperformanceofthemodelisinqualitativeagreementwiththeavailablefielddata.ThecalibratedandverifiednumericalmodelhasbeenusedtoquantifythetidalprismandflushingrateintheTanshuiRiver-TahanStream,HsintienStream,andKeelungRiver.

简介：Climatesystemmodelsareusefultoolsforunderstandingtheinteractionsamongthecomponentsoftheclimatesystemandpredicting/projectingfutureclimatechange.ThedevelopmentofclimatemodelshasbeenacentralfocusoftheStateKeyLaboratoryofNumericalModelingforAtmosphericSciencesandGeophysicalFluidDynamics,InstituteofAtmosphericPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences(LASG/IAP)sincetheestablishmentofthelaboratoryin1985.InChina,manypioneeringcomponentmodelsandfullycoupledmodelsoftheclimatesystemhavebeendevelopedbyLASG/IAP.ThefullycoupledclimatesystemdevelopedintherecentdecadeisnamedFGOALS(FlexibleGlobalOcean-Atmosphere-LandSystemModel).Inthispaper,anapplication-orientedreviewoftheLASG/IAPFGOALSmodelispresented.Theimprovedmodelperformancesaredemonstratedinthecontextofcloud-radiationprocesses,Asianmonsoon,ENSOphenomena,AtlanticMeridionalOverturningCirculation(AMOC)andseaice.TheFGOALSmodelhascontributedtobothCMIP5(CoupledModelIntercomparisonProject-phase5)andIPCC(IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange)AR5(theFifthAssessmentReport).ThereleaseofFGOALSdatahassupportedthepublicationofnearly500papersaroundtheworld.TheresultsofFGOALSarecited~106timesintheIPCCWG1(WorkingGroup1)AR5.Inadditiontothetraditionallong-termsimulationsandprojections,near-termdecadalclimatepredictionisanewsetofCMIPexperiment,progressofLAGS/IAPinthedevelopmentofneartermdecadalpredictionsystemisreviewed.TheFGOALSmodelhassupportedmanyChinesenational-levelresearchprojectsandcontributedtothenationalclimatechangeassessmentreport.ThecrucialroleofFGOALSasamodelingtoolforsupportingclimatesciencesishighlightedbydemonstratingthemodel’sperformancesinthesimulationoftheevolutionofEarth’sclimatefromthepasttothefuture.

简介：ClimateeffectsoflandusechangeinChinaassimulatedbyaregionalclimatemodel(RegCM2)areinvestigated.Themodelisnestedinone-waymodewithinaglobalcoupledatmosphere-oceanmodel(CSIROR21L9AOGCM).Twomulti-yearsimulations,onewithcurrentlanduseandtheotherwithpotentialvegetationcover,areconducted.Statisticallysignificantchangesofprecipitation,surfaceairtemperature,anddailymaximumanddailyminimumtemperatureareanalyzedbasedonthedifferencebetweenthetwosimulations.ThesimulatedeffectsoflandusechangeoverChinaincludeadecreaseofmeanannualprecipitationoverNorthwestChina,aregionwithaprevalenceofaridandsemi-aridareas;anincreaseofmeanannualsurfaoeairtemperatureoversomeareas;andadecreaseoftemperaturealongcoastalareas.Summermeandailymaximumtemperatureincreasesinmanylocations,whilewintermeandailyminimumtemperaturedecreasesinEastChinaandincreasesinNorthwestChina.TheuppersoilmoisturedecreasessignificantlyacrossChina.Theresultsindicatethatthesamelandusechangemaycausedifferentclimateeffectsindifferentregionsdependingonthesurroundingenvironmentandclimatecharacteristics.

简介：基于钩子和金枪鱼多钩长线渔业在南方太平洋操作的努力数据，南方太平洋青花鱼科的海产鱼股票被一个改进Schaefer模型估计。结果表明内在的生长率是大约1.28374并且从73734～266732公吨在范围带capacitiesvareied。这种的生长能力是显著的。股票动力学主要取决于环境条件。股票仍然处于好状况。然而，在最近的年里的生物资源的连续减少应该被注意。

简介：纸象精力生产，消费和工业废物水的全部的分泌物的严肃中心的变化的决心一样在所有省和自治区域论述全部的精力生产和消费的预言，经由从1978～2009的精力和在由美国通用汽车公司(1,1)模型和严肃中心模型，纸也在精力产品处于地区性的差别基于分析动态变化的使用的中国的环境优秀数据的中国的气体和残余结果如下被显示出。1)精力生产的严肃中心逐渐地正在移动向西南并且全部运动轨道接近到线性变化，显示在东方和西方，南方和北方之间的精力生产的差别正在变窄到某个程度，在南方和北方之间比那快与东方和西方之间的差别变窄。2)精力消费的严肃中心正在移动与可察觉的变化，从2000～2005的严肃中心位置是相对稳定的与细微年度位置变化，基本上显示所有省和自治区域的生长率是向西南一样。3)工业废物水，气体和残余的全部的分泌物的严肃中心被变化在经度和纬度描绘到某个度。但是，它总体上显示出一个向西南的趋势。4)在精力生产与中国，和工业废物水的全部的分泌物的和那的严肃中心的比较分析的消费的严肃中心的变化课程有共同点和差异，气体和残余证明环境优秀水平仔细与精力生产和消费(特别精力消费)被联系，显示在精力的经济的环境费用在中国是更高的。

简介：Threenumericalexperimentshavebeencarriedoutbyusingaspectralbarotropicprimitiveequationmo-del.Itisfoundthattheresultsobtainedarequitesimilartothosewiththebarotropicfilteredmodel.Themainresultsreadasfollows:(1)Inthecasewithsymmetricorographyorwithoutorography,ifthemotionissymmetric(withre-specttotheequator,thesameistruehereafter)attheinitialinstant,thenitwouldbesymmetricafterwards.(2)Theantisymmetricorographydistributioncouldcauseantisymmetricmotion,andtheoriginalsym-metricmotionmightbecomeasymmetric.Inordertoexplaintheaboveresults,ithasbeenprovedthattheyaretheoreticallyvalid.Anditisfoundthatifthemotionisantisymmetricattheinitialinstant,thenitwouldbecomeasymmetric.Therefore,nopureantisymmetricmotioncouldbemaintained.

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简介：ThegrowthrateofthehyalidamphipodHyaleperieriwasstudiedonthebasesofIkeda'sgrowthmodelwhichisbasedontheintermoultperiod(IP)andmoultincrearment(△BL).Toapplythisapproach,laboratoryexperimentswerecarriedoutatthreetemperaturesregimes(15℃,20℃,25℃)togainaccuratedataofIPandBL.Thetotalnumberofspecimensusedinthisstudywas86at15℃,24at20℃and70at25℃.ThenumberofflagellarsegmentsofbothantennaeoftheHyaleperiericouldnotbeusedasanindexofgrowth(instarcriterion).Theobtainedresultsindicatedthat,thepredictedIPofthespecimenswasinverselyrelatedtotemperatureandingoodagreementwiththeobservedvaluesattheexperimentaltemperatures.IPdataobtainedfromlaboratory-rearedspecimesarecombinedwith△BLdatatoestablishagrowthmodelforHyaleperierifromitsreleasefromthemarsupium(1.64mmBL)tothemaximumsize(12.67mmBL)asafunctionoftemperature.Themaximumnumbersofconsecutivemoultsrecordedduringtheexperimentwere13moults(14instar)at15℃,14moults(15instar)at20℃and12moults(13instar)at25℃.ThepredictedlifespanforBL=12.67mm(moult13)was203.82dat15℃,forBL=11.75mm(moult14)was138.94dat20℃andforBL=8.65mm(moult12)was75.40dat25℃respectively,thusconfirmingthatthelifespanofthespeciesisinverselyproportionaltotemperature.Withintheexperimentaltemperaturestested,theoptimumtemperatureforthegrowthofthespecieswas20℃.

简介：Basedonfullconsiderationofthewinterwheatbiologicalcharacters,anagrometeorologicalmodelofphysiologicalthermalindexofwinterwheatincludingvernalizationandphotoperiodresponseisestablished,inwhichtheinfluenceofdiurnalvariationoftemperature,effectivetemperatureanddaylengthonthedevelopmentofwinterwheatduringtheperiodfromemergencetoelongationarecomprehensivelyconsidered.ValidationofthemodelusingthedatatakenfromtheexperimentsofwheatecologyinChinashowsthatthemodelbehaveswellwithmeanerrorlessthan3days.

简介：对代表频率依赖者土壤阻抗的简化物理模型的需要是在在整个历史的许多研究后面的动机。通常，如此的模型被产生在大量刺激频率捕获阻抗功能，它导致相对复杂的模型。是当只有确实影响结构的反应的频率的一个有限范围时。这里，新方法论基于匹配反应的概念被建议，它能导致更简单的分离模型的发展。这个想法然后被用来升级存在到嵌入的基础的盒子的表面基础的简单模型。在频率领域和有嵌入的基础的土壤结构系统的时间领域分析的模型的适用性被讨论。而且，结果的精确性与另一存在相比为嵌入的基础的分离模型。

简介：UsingNCEPreanalysisdataandanairflowtrajectorymodelbasedontheLagrangianmethod,theHybridSingle-ParticleLagrangianIntegratedTrajectory(HYSPLIT)model,thedailybackwardtrajectoriesontheheightof850hPaabovetheSouthChinaSea(SCS)areaaresimulatedfromApriltoJune.TheonsetdateoftheSCSsummermonsoonfrom1948to2009isdeterminedaccordingtothesimulatedsourceofairflowinthemonitoredareaoftheSCS.ByanalyzingtheSCSmonsoononsetdatesoverthe62years,wefoundthatthenumberofyearsinwhichtheSCSmonsoononsetisearlieraccountsfor13%,andthelateryears14%,thenormalyears73%,ofallthe62years.AnalyseswiththeLagrangianmethod,doneincomparisonwiththeothertwomethodswhichcombinewindandpotentialpseudo-equivalenttemperature,wereperformedtodeterminetheonsetdatesoftheSCSsummermonsoon.Insomeyears,thesourceofthesouthwestairflowinthemonitoredareaoftheSCSisinthesubtropicalregionbeforetheonsetoftheSCSmonsoon,sotheairflowfromthesubtropicscanbedistinguishedwiththeairflowfromthetropicsbyusingtheLagrangianmethod.Thesimulationbythetrajectorymodelindicatedthatinsomeyears,aftertheonsetofSCSsummermonsoon,theSCSwillbecontrolledbythesoutheastwindinsteadofthesouthwesterlyusuallyexpected.

简介：Athree-dimensional(3D)globaladiabaticspectralprimitiveequationmodelhasbeendesigned.Themainfeaturesareasfollows.(1)AdoptionofsphericalharmonicsandTschebyscheffpolynomialsasthebasisfunctionsinthehorizontalandverticalrespectively,buttheunknownsinthespectralequationsaretwo-dimensional;(2)Inclusionofthetropopause,whichmayvarywithtimeandspace;(3)Suggestionofaspectralmethodforrepresentingtheverticalstructureoftheatmosphereapplicabletotheunsmoothedprofilecase;(4)Inconsiderationofnonlinearverticalaliasingatechniqueisproposedtoavoiditandnonlinearcomputationalinstability.Basedonrealdataforecastsupto48hourshavebeenperformed.TheresultsshowthatthestatisticalverificationswiththemodelaresuperiorontheaveragetothosewiththeT42L9usedoperationallybefore1995atNMCofChinaatthesamemeanresolution.

简介：Accordingtothecharacteristicsofdeepwatertoptensionedrisers,asimplifiedmodelispresentedtopredictthemulti-modalresponseofvortex-inducedvibration(VIV)innon-uniformflowbasedonenergyequilibriumtheoryandtheexperimentaldatafromVIVself-excitedandforcedoscillationsofrigidcylinders.Theresponseamplitudeofeachmodeisdeterminedbyabalancebetweentheenergyfedintotheriseroverthelock-inregionsandtheenergydissipatedbythefluiddampingovertheremainders.Comparedwiththepreviouspredictionmodels,thismethodcantakefullyaccountoftheintrinsicnatureofVIVforlowmassratiostructuresonlock-inregions,addedmassandnonlinearfluiddampingeffect,etc.Moreover,itisthefirsttimetoproposetheaccuratecalculatingprocedureforVIVamplitudecorrectionfactorbysolvingenergyequilibriumequationandaclosedformsolutionispresentedforthecaseofariserofuniformmassandcross-sectionoscillatinginauniformflow.ThepredictedvaluesshowareasonableagreementwithVIVexperimentsofrisermodelsinsteppedandshearedcurrents.