简介:摘要:Sight Words视觉词还可以叫做高频词,意思是英语读物里面出现次数最多的词汇,在英语教科书以及图书里面的出现率可以达到60%-85%。若是没有掌握Sight Words视觉词,学生通常会由于不了解的单词过多而不能进入阅读,从而也就无法提升英语口语能力。
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简介:摘要:国内国有大型工程建设项目EPC总承包通常为固定总价合同,由于目前招标市场主观及客观的原因,该模式存在一定风险分摊不均问题。本文介绍澳大利亚某项目独特的计价模式,为国有大型工程建设项目EPC总承包合同计价调整措施提供思路,以降低自然、法律、政策和经济方面的风险,推进造价管理机制创新。
简介:AbstractBackground:Nucleic acid test (NAT) could effectively control the spread of COVID-19 caused by large-scale sports competitions. However, quantitative analysis on the appropriate frequency of NAT is scarce, and the cost-effectiveness and necessity of high-frequency NAT remain to be fully explored and validated. This study aims to optimize the COVID-19 surveillance strategies through cost-effectiveness analysis for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games and the upcoming Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games.Methods:A total of 18 scenarios were designed regarding the NAT frequency, symptom monitoring, and strengthening close-contact control. An agent-based stochastic dynamic model was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of different NAT scenarios and optimize the surveillance strategies. The dynamics of the proposed model included the arrival and departure of agents, transmission of the disease according to Poisson processes, and quarantine of agents based on regular NATs and symptom onset. Accumulative infections, cost, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were simulated in the frame of the model. ICER was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of different scenarios. Univariate sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the results.Results:In Scenario 16, where the competition-related personnel (CRP) received NAT daily and national sports delegation (NSD) with quarantined infections accepted an additional NAT daily, accumulative infection was 320.90 (90 initial infections), the total cost was (United States Dollar) USD 8 920 000, and the cost of detecting out each infection was USD 27 800. Scenario 16 would reduce the total cost by USD 22 570 000 (avoid 569.61 infections), USD 1 420 000 (avoid 47.2 infections) compared with Scenario 10 (weekly NAT, strengthened close contact control) and Scenario 7 (daily NAT, no strengthened close contact control), respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that the result was most sensitive to the change in basic reproductive number.Conclusions:High-frequency NATs such as bidaily, daily, and twice a day were cost-effective. NAT daily for CRP with strengthening close-contact control could be prioritized in defense against COVID-19 at large-scale sports competitions. This study could assist policymakers by assessing the cost-effectiveness of NAT scenarios and provide the host country with an optimal COVID-19 surveillance strategy.
简介:AbstractBackground:Continuing progress in the global pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) response depends on timely identification and care of infants with HIV. As countries scale-out improvements to HIV early infant diagnosis (EID), economic evaluations are needed to inform program design and implementation. This scoping review aimed to summarize the available evidence and discuss practical implications of cost and cost-effectiveness analyses of HIV EID.Methods:We systematically searched bibliographic databases (Embase, MEDLINE and EconLit) and grey literature for economic analyses of HIV EID in low- and middle-income countries published between January 2008 and June 2021. We extracted data on unit costs, cost savings, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios as well as outcomes related to health and the HIV EID care process and summarized results in narrative and tabular formats. We converted unit costs to 2021 USD for easier comparison of costs across studies.Results:After title and abstract screening of 1278 records and full-text review of 99 records, we included 29 studies: 17 cost analyses and 12 model-based cost-effectiveness analyses. Unit costs were 21.46-51.80 USD for point-of-care EID tests and 16.21-42.73 USD for laboratory-based EID tests. All cost-effectiveness analyses stated at least one of the interventions evaluated to be cost-effective. Most studies reported costs of EID testing strategies; however, few studies assessed the same intervention or reported costs in the same way, making comparison of costs across studies challenging. Limited data availability of context-appropriate costs and outcomes of children with HIV as well as structural heterogeneity of cost-effectiveness modelling studies limits generalizability of economic analyses of HIV EID.Conclusions:The available cost and cost-effectiveness evidence for EID of HIV, while not directly comparable across studies, covers a broad range of interventions and suggests most interventions designed to improve EID are cost-effective or cost-saving. Further studies capturing costs and benefits of EID services as they are delivered in real-world settings are needed.
简介:摘 要:随着工程造价市场的不断深化改革,定额和工程造价资质的取消,工程造价咨询企业要“破茧重生”,工程造价数据库的建立显得十分重要。论文将工程造价咨询企业数据库的建立作为核心进行探究,首先简要介绍了工程造价数据库, 然后指出了数据库建立中存在的问题,最后提出了做好数据库建设的措施,希望能够为此类项目提供一定参考。
简介:摘要目的探讨加强院前急救护理管理在院前救护中的应用效果。方法选取深圳市急救中心2020年10月至2021年5月304例院前急救患者资料进行回顾性研究,随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组152例。观察组男80例、女72例,年龄(38.49±2.47)岁;对照组男78例、女74例,年龄(39.28±2.64)岁。对照组采取常规院前急救护理管理,观察组采取加强院前急救护理管理。对比两组急救所需时间、病死率以及护理满意度。统计学方法采用独立样本t检验、χ2检验。结果观察组转移回院时间、达到患者处时间、出车反应时间均低于对照组[(6.28±2.12)min比(12.26±2.84)min、(7.64±2.18)min比(13.51±3.51)min、(2.12±0.57)min比(3.20±0.68)min],两组比较差异均有统计学意义(t=5.201、4.632、5.102,P=0.016、0.013、0.024);观察组病死率显著低于对照组[5.92%(9/152)比27.63%(42/152)](χ2=25.657,P<0.001);观察组护理满意度高于对照组[98.68%(150/152)比75.66%(115/152)](χ2=36.033,P<0.001)。结论通过加强院前急救护理管理可有效缩短急救所需时间,降低病死率,提升家属的护理满意度。
简介:摘要:院前急救是对病危、重病、急病患者实施的紧急抢救,为患者提供特别的治疗,保证患者的生命安全,但在医院的急诊过程中,如果急救人员对急救过程中的操作和注意事项不熟悉,不仅不能及时进行抢救,还会延误抢救的时机。院前急救在急诊医疗系统中占有举足轻重的地位,尤其是在突发疾病、意外创伤时,更是重中之重。那么,院前急救原则和特点是什么?医院的急诊护理应怎样进行?下文将详细说明。
简介:【摘要】:目的:研究优化院前急诊护理流程对急性脑梗死患者院前延迟的影响。方法:在本文研究中将急性脑梗死患者作为研究对象,100例收治时间在2019年度12月-2020年度12月,根据随机抽签分组原则分为观察组50例、对照组50例,分别采取常规急诊护理方式、优化院前急诊护理流程方式,分析并且对比两组各项指标。结果:观察组各项指标优于对照组的指标(P<0.05)。结论:优化院前急诊护理流程对急性脑梗死患者院前延迟具有明显的减少作用。
简介:摘要目的探讨出院前培训结合出院后居家发音功能训练对喉癌患者术后喉功能重建的影响。方法选取2016年10月至2019年9月在无锡市第二人民医院进行喉癌术后喉功能重建患者80例,依照入院时间将患者分为研究组和对照组各40例。研究组患者采用出院前培训结合出院后居家发音功能训练,对照组患者采用常规喉癌术后喉功能重建护理。比较两组患者的临床效果。结果研究组术后并发症发生率为5.00%,显著低于对照组的25.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者干预前基频(Fo),基频微扰(Jitter)、振幅微扰(Shimmer)比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);干预后1个月、3个月研究组患者Fo、Jitter、Shimmer指标显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);研究组患者在干预后改良华盛顿大学生活质量量表(UWQOL)各项评分显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论出院前培训结合出院后居家发音功能训练对喉癌患者术后喉功能重建具有良好的应用价值,可显著降低患者的并发症发生率,提升患者喉部发音功能,显著提高患者的生活质量。
简介:【摘要】目的:观察优化院前急诊护理流程对急性脑梗死患者院前延迟影响的改善效果及临床影响。方法:抽选本院急诊2021年3月~12月期间收治急性脑梗死患者60例为研究对象,将21年3月~7月收治者设为对照组(n=31)行常规院前急诊护理,21年8月~12月收治者设为观察组(n=29)行优化院前急诊护理。比较患者院前延迟时间、救治用时、住院时间、救治成功率、不良预后发生率。结果:观察组院前延迟时间、院内急救用时、入院至静脉溶栓用时、入院至血运重建用时、住院时间及不良预后发生率均低于对照组,观察组救治成功率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。结论:优化院前急诊护理流程的实施可有效缩短患者院前延迟时间,为其院内救治、专科治疗的快速实施争取救治时间,在提升救治成功率同时降低临床不良预后风险。