简介:InvivoHIVconcentrationcanbemeasuredasthetitleofinfectiousvirususinginvitroculture,orascopiesofviralgenomicRNAusingmoleculartedmiques.ViralRNAisgenerallyatleast10,000timesgreaterthantheconcentrationofinfectiousvirus,becausemostofthevirusparticlesinplasmaarenon-infectious(asaresultofdefectiveviralgenesneutralizingantibody,orneutralizingantibody).
简介:HIV免疫应答是如何产生的?机体暴露于病原后产生先天免疫应答和获得性免疫应答。先天免疫应答的特点是反应迅速、无特异性、不引起免疫记忆,但在获得性免疫起效前可限制破坏。获得性免疫应答是在机体接触抗原后的数天至数周,B淋巴细胞和T淋巴细胞表面特异性受体识别抗原后,发生克隆扩增和分化而产生的。一部分抗原特异性淋巴细胞分化成记忆细胞;其特点是再次接触相同抗原的刺激后能更迅速地引起免疫应答(与主动免疫接种相似)。所有HIV感染者在感染的某个阶段均可检测出HIV引起的获得性免疫应答,包括HIV相关的抗体、CD8+(溶细胞性)和CD4+(辅助性)T细胞。
简介:世界卫生组织估计2003年全球有63万儿童感染了HIV,大部分是在妊娠、分娩或母乳喂养期间经母婴垂直传播造成的。其中撒哈拉以南的非洲有50多万,亚洲有5万。如果以这种感染速率持续下去,未来10年全球估计将有500万~1000万儿童成为HIV感染者,其中90%以上在发展中国家。已有许多国家报告因HIV造成的婴幼儿及儿童死亡率大幅度上升。感染HIV的新生儿中约1/4会在1岁前死亡,2/3在2岁前死亡。大多数死亡发生在5岁以前。2003年估计有50万儿童死于AIDS相关疾病。此外,超过1400万儿童因AIDS失去父母一方或双亲。到2010年,预计会有多达2500万儿童因HIV/AIDS沦为孤儿。
简介:Objective:ToanalyzemoleculartrendsoftheHIVepidemicinShenzhen.Methods:SerumcollectedfromShenzhenAIDSpatientsbetween1992-1999wasanalyzedusingmoleculartechniques.DNAfragmentsoftheHIV-1EnvgenewereamplifiedbynestedPCRfromunculturedperipheralbloodmononuclearcells(PBMCs)fromtheseserumsamples.TheC2-C3regionoftheEnvgenewassequencedandanalyzed.Specifichigh-riskbehaviorswerealsoanalyzed.Results:WefoundthatthetransmissionofHIVinthecitywasmainlythroughsexualbehaviors(46.0%).TherewerefourHIV-1subtypes:B′,B,CandEwith6.31%,7.95%,3.09%and8.92%genedivergenceinsideeachsubtypeinShenzhen.Theseresultssuggestedthatepidemictimeswere6,8,3and9respectively.ThemainepidemicsubtypeswereEandBstrains.AIDSpatient''''''''santigenicvariationwasslightlyhigherthanthatofHIVinfectedindividuals.Conclusion:SurveillancedatareflecttrendsandtheepidemictimeofHIV,whichwillbeusefulforpolicymakerstoformulateeffectivestrategiesofHIV/AIDSpreventionandcontrolinShenzhen.
简介:THEHIVEPIDEMICINCHINAisaccelerating,withcurrentestimatestoppingonemillionseropositiveindividuals.1Accordingtothelimiteddata,themajorityoftransmissionhasbeenamonghigh-riskpopulations,includinginjectiondrugusers(IDUs),bloodproductdonors/recipients,andcommercialsexworkers.StudieshaveshownHIVseroprevalencerangingfrom5%inGuangzhousexworkersto54%inwomenwitha
简介:HIVisablood-bomevirustransmittedviasexualintercourseorpercutaneousexposuretoinfectedblood,orfromaninfectedmothertoherchildduringthebirthprocess.Followinginfection,thetimebeforeonsetofclinicaldiseasevariesfrommonthstoyears;thedurationisinfluencedbyage(therateofprogressionincreaseswithage)andHLAtype(A1,B8,DR3areassociatedwithrapidprogressionandB27withslowprogression),butnotbygenderorriskactivity.Althoughmostpatientsinitiallyhavenocharacteristicsymptoms,thereisusually(90%)agradualdeclineinimmunefunction.
简介:Abstract:TheP24antigentest,HIVRNAPCRtest,HIVisolation/cultureandfourth-generationHIVuniformAg/AbassayarebeingutilizedindiagnosingacuteHIVinfectionindifferentlabs.ManyfactorslimittheuseofscreeningforacuteHIVinhigh-riskpopulations,inblooddonorsandduringvoluntaryHIVtesting,including,cost,technique,sensitivityandspecificity.InthisreviewweexploreanewNAATmethodwhichinvolvesHIVRNART-PCRonpooledsamples.Thistechniqueisabletoscreenforacuteinfectionsinalargetestingvolumeandmayheusedasascreeningmethodinhigh-riskpopulationsandblooddonors.
简介:AbstractTransmission network analysis is a crucial evaluation tool aiming to explore the characteristics of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic, develop evidence-based prevention strategies, and contribute to various areas of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome prevention and control. Over recent decades, transmission networks have made tremendous strides in terms of modes, methods, applications, and various other aspects. Transmission network methods, including social, sexual, and molecular transmission networks, have played a pivotal role. Each transmission network research method has its advantages, as well as its limitations. In this study, we established a systematic review of these aforementioned transmission networks with respect to their definitions, applications, limitations, recent progress, and synthetic applications.