简介：AbstractOutbreak of COVID-19 is ongoing all over the world. Spine trauma is one of the most common types of trauma and will probably be encountered during the fight against COVID-19 and resumption of work and production. Patients with unstable spine fractures or continuous deterioration of neurological function require emergency surgery. The COVID-19 epidemic has brought tremendous challenges to the diagnosis and treatment of such patients. To coordinate the diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease prevention and spine trauma so as to formulate a rigorous diagnosis and treatment plan and to reduce the disability and mortality of the disease, multidisciplinary collaboration is needed. This expert consensus is formulated in order to (1) prevent and control the epidemic, (2) diagnose and treat patients with spine trauma reasonably, and (3) reduce the risk of cross-infection between patients and medical personnel during the treatment.

简介：摘要目的通过分析已发表经同行评议的妊娠合并COVID-19的研究，总结COVID-19孕妇的临床表现、实验室检查及母婴结局，全面了解COVID-19孕妇的母婴情况，探索新型冠状病毒的宫内垂直传播证据。方法检索2019年12月1日至2020年4月9日PubMed、Embase、中国知网、中华全文数据库、万方数据库发表的妊娠合并COVID-19的文献，并在世界卫生组织COVID-19数据库和纳入文献的参考文献中进行补充检索，纳入新型冠状病毒核酸检测阳性、报告母婴结局或COVID-19孕妇继续妊娠并报告母胎情况的文献。分别通过阅读摘要和全文进行文献筛选，对最终纳入的文献提取并分析孕产妇临床表现、围产期结局及新生儿结局进行系统回顾。结果（1）最终纳入29篇文献中，146例病毒核酸阳性确诊孕妇，其中114例（2例双胎）孕妇分娩116例新生儿。8例（5.5%，8/146）重症孕妇，包括5例重型COVID-19，3例未明确分型但入住重症监护室治疗。69.9%（102/146）剖宫产，8.2%（12/146）阴道分娩，20.5%（30/146）继续妊娠，1例（0.7%，1/146）双向情感障碍发作中孕期（孕26周）引产，1例（0.7%，1/146）早孕期（孕6周）人工流产。发热（58.2%，85/146）、咳嗽（32.9%，48/146）是常见的症状；15.8%（23/146）入院时无感染相关症状；20.5%（30/146）产后出现感染相关症状或原有症状加重。实验室检查中，主要为淋巴细胞减少（49.6%，56/113）和C-反应蛋白升高（58.4%，66/113）。肺部CT以双肺多发斑片状毛玻璃影多见（79.7%，94/118）。（2）92.2%（107/116）新生儿结局良好。7.8%（9/116）新生儿有不同程度异常，其中6例有呼吸困难、发绀及呕吐等表现，包括1例进展为多器官功能障碍、弥散性血管内凝血死亡；1例生后36 h病毒核酸检测阳性；1例死产，死亡原因未述，但排除宫内垂直传播；1例病情较重孕妇剖宫产分娩的新生儿死亡。结论COVID-19孕妇重症比例低，妊娠结局良好，虽有新生儿不良结局报道，但缺乏宫内垂直传播证据。

简介：摘要As a highly infectious respiratory tract disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause respiratory, physical, and psychological dysfunction in patients. Therefore, pulmonary rehabilitation is crucial for both admitted and discharged patients of COVID-19. In this study, based on the newly released pulmonary rehabilitation guidelines for patients with COVID-19, as well as evidence from the pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome, we investigated pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with COVID-19 having complications, such as chronic pulmonary disease, and established an intelligent respiratory rehabilitation model for these patients.

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简介：摘要目的系统分析2019新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者的凝血特征。方法计算机检索PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science、EMbase、中国知网数据库，搜集报道COVID-19凝血特征相关的文献，检索时限均为2020年1月1日至5月1日。由2名研究员独立筛选文献、提取数据并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后，采用Stata12.0软件对不同疾病分型COVID-19患者的血小板计数、D-二聚体、凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化的部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）进行Meta分析。结果共纳入39个回顾性研究，共计6 994例COVID-19患者。Meta分析结果显示：（1）与重症患者相比，轻症患者的血小板计数较高［加权均值差（WMD）=20.11，95%CI 11.53~28.69，P<0.001］，APTT（WMD=1.30，95%CI 0.31~2.30，P=0.01）更长，D-二聚体（WMD=-0.41，95%CI-0.58~-0.24，P<0.001）、FIB（WMD=-0.58，95%CI-0.76~-0.39，P<0.001）较低，凝血酶原时间（PT）（WMD=-0.51，95%CI-0.92~-0.10，P<0.001）更短；危重患者血小板计数较低（WMD=-14.75，95%CI-29.73~-0.23，P=0.044），D-二聚体较高（WMD=1.06，95%CI 0.65~1.47，P<0.001）。（2）与存活组相比，死亡组患者血小板计数较低（WMD=-36.40，95%CI-63.23~-9.58，P=0.008），D-二聚体较高（WMD=6.86，95%CI4.15~9.57，P<0.001），PT（WMD=1.37，95%CI0.73~2.02，P<0.001）更长。结论凝血功能紊乱在重症、危重症和死亡的COVID-19患者中较常见。血小板计数、D-二聚体和PT值与病情严重程度相关，可作为住院期间病情恶化的早期预警指标。

简介：摘要After severe COVID-19 disease, many patients will experience a variety of problems with normal functioning and will require rehabilitation services to overcome these problems. The principles of and evidence on rehabilitation will allow an effective response. These include a simple screening process; use of a multidisciplinary expert team; four evidence-based classes of intervention (exercise, practice, psychosocial support, and education particularly about self-management); and a range of tailored interventions for other problems. The large number of COVID-19 patients needing rehabilitation coupled with the backlog remaining from the crisis will challenge existing services. The principles underpinning vital service reconfigurations needed are discussed.

简介：摘要The global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 has created an unprecedented challenge to the society. Currently, the United States stands as the most affected country, and the entire healthcare system is affected, from emergency department, intensive care unit, postacute care, outpatient, to home care. Considering the debility, neurological, pulmonary, neuromuscular, and cognitive complications, rehabilitation professionals can play an important role in the recovery process for individuals with coronavirus disease 2019. Clinicians across the nation′s rehabilitation system have already begun working to initiate intensive care unit-based rehabilitation care and develop programs, settings, and specialized care to meet the short- and long-term needs of these individuals. We describe the anticipated rehabilitation demands and the strategies to meet the needs of this population. The complications from coronavirus disease 2019 can be reduced by (1) delivering interdisciplinary rehabilitation that is initiated early and continued throughout the acute hospital stay, (2) providing patient/family education for self-care after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation at either acute or subacute settings, and (3) continuing rehabilitation care in the outpatient setting and at home through ongoing therapy either in-person or via telehealth.

简介：摘要目的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是由引起严重急性呼吸综合征的2019新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)导致的全球流行性疾病，能否为COVID-19的危重患者进行探索性、抢救性的肺移植手术在移植学界引起了广泛讨论。到目前为止国内有报道COVID-19危重患者接受了肺移植，对于这类探索性、抢救性肺移植手术，移植术后相关治疗及预后情况尚无结论。本文主要从相关肺移植与病毒感染指南、肺移植适应证、术后并发症、伦理、卫生经济学等方面阐述这一争论，并思考COVID-19肺移植手术在未来的发展方向。

简介：摘要疫苗接种依然是人类历史上对抗不同病毒感染的最有效干预手段。新型冠状病毒(COVID－19)疫苗在预防COVID－19方面的总体益处已得到充分证实。与此同时，也出现了COVID－19疫苗接种后眼部不良反应的报告，可累及眼部多种组织，如眼睑、角膜、巩膜、视网膜、葡萄膜、神经和血管等，临床表现为角膜炎、葡萄膜炎、视网膜炎、神经麻痹、血管阻塞等。眼科医生应关注COVID－19疫苗接种后眼部不良反应的发生。(国际眼科纵览，2022, 46：385－390)

简介：AbstractAdenotonsillectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed by otolaryngologists. It is vital that surgeons are aware of the risks in performing this surgery especially during the COVID-19 pandemic and in children with hematologic disorders. In this review we describe common hematologic disorders often noted in pediatric patients undergoing this procedure, as well as proper screening and management of these patients. In addition, we also address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and some measures to help mitigate the risks of this procedure during this time.

简介：AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been an unmitigated disaster for society and the economy worldwide. However, much remains unknown about the pathogenesis of, treatment methods for, and preventive measures against COVID-19. Single-cell sequencing is a novel sequencing technology whose use has recently become prevalent in various life-science fields. This high-resolution technology is being used to analyze the COVID-19 pandemic at a single-cell level. In this review, we summarize the application of single-cell sequencing technology to the field of COVID-19-related research, including the biology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, clinical concerns associated with COVID-19, neutralizing antibody screening, and vaccine development. We also address challenges to, and improvements in, existing single-cell research related to COVID-19.

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简介：摘要突如其来的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）大暴发尽管在我国已经被控制，但仍在全世界暴发和流行，死亡人数仍在不断增加。绝大多数的COVID-19确实是以肺部不同程度损伤为主，也是导致死亡的最主要原因，但是各个临床学科都在关注本系统是否有重要的受损现象。神经内科同行更关注COVID-19是否直接或间接地累及神经系统。从我国8万多个病例看，所报道的资料中，真正并发神经系统受损的客观证据不多。而欧美自COVID-19大流行以来，报道了一些合并周围神经受累病例，值得同行们关注。

简介：摘要BACKGROUNDDifferent degrees of disorders are reported in respiratory function, physical function and psychological function in patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially in elderly patients. With the experience of improved and discharged COVID-19 patients, timely respiratory rehabilitation intervention may improve prognosis, maximize functional preservation and improve quality of life (QoL), but there lacks of studies worldwide exploring the outcome of this intervention.OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of 6-week respiratory rehabilitation training on respiratory function, QoL, mobility and psychological function in elderly patients with COVID-19.METHODSThis paper reported the findings of an observational, prospective, quasi-experimental study, which totally recruited 72 participants, of which 36 patients underwent respiratory rehabilitation and the rest without any rehabilitation intervention. The following outcomes were measured: pulmonary function tests including plethysmography and diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), functional tests (6-min walk distance test), Quality of life (QoL) assessments (SF-36 scores), activities of daily living (Functional Independence Measure, FIM scores), and mental status tests (SAS anxiety and SDS depression scores)．RESULTSAfter 6 weeks of respiratory rehabilitation in the intervention group, there disclosed significant differences in FEV1(L), FVC(L), FEV1/FVC%, DLCO% and 6-min walk test. The SF-36 scores, in 8 dimensions, were statistically significant within the intervention group and between the two groups. SAS and SDS scores in the intervention group decreased after the intervention, but only anxiety had significant statistical significance within and between the two groups.CONCLUSIONSSix-week respiratory rehabilitation can improve respiratory function, QoL and anxiety of elderly patients with COVID-19, but it has little significant improvement on depression in the elderly.

简介：AbstractBackground:The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic causing global health problem. We provide estimates of the daily trend in the size of the epidemic in Wuhan based on detailed information of 10 940 confirmed cases outside Hubei province.Methods:In this modelling study, we first estimate the epidemic size in Wuhan from 10 January to 5 April 2020 with a newly proposed model, based on the confirmed cases outside Hubei province that left Wuhan by 23 January 2020 retrieved from official websites of provincial and municipal health commissions. Since some confirmed cases have no information on whether they visited Wuhan before, we adjust for these missing values. We then calculate the reporting rate in Wuhan from 20 January to 5 April 2020. Finally, we estimate the date when the first infected case occurred in Wuhan.Results:We estimate the number of cases that should be reported in Wuhan by 10 January 2020, as 3229 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3139–3321) and 51 273 (95% CI: 49 844–52 734) by 5 April 2020. The reporting rate has grown rapidly from 1.5% (95% CI: 1.5–1.6%) on 20 January 2020, to 39.1% (95% CI: 38.0–40.2%) on 11 February 2020, and increased to 71.4% (95% CI: 69.4–73.4%) on 13 February 2020, and reaches 97.6% (95% CI: 94.8–100.3%) on 5 April 2020. The date of first infection is estimated as 30 November 2019.Conclusions:In the early stage of COVID-19 outbreak, the testing capacity of Wuhan was insufficient. Clinical diagnosis could be a good complement to the method of confirmation at that time. The reporting rate is very close to 100% now and there are very few cases since 17 March 2020, which might suggest that Wuhan is able to accommodate all patients and the epidemic has been controlled.

简介：摘要新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)引发的COVID-19已蔓延至全世界，升级为国际突发公共卫生事件。COVID-19患者主要表现为呼吸系统症状，重症患者还可合并肺外多器官功能损伤。人体免疫系统可有效抵御病毒入侵，然而多项临床现象和病理解剖提示COVID-19患者病程中存在免疫应答失衡。免疫失衡和过度的炎症激活与COVID-19患者的疾病进展、不良预后密切相关。本文从机体固有免疫、适应性免疫、细胞因子风暴等角度综述了COVID-19患者发病过程中的免疫特征，以期阐述COVID-19免疫相关的发病机制，为临床预防及治疗COVID-19提供理论依据。

简介：摘要The present global pandemic of COVID-19 has brought the whole world to a standstill, causing morbidity, death, and changes in personal roles. The more common causes of morbidity and death in these patients include pneumonia and respiratory failure, which cause the patients to require artificial ventilation and other techniques that can improve respiratory function. One of these techniques is chest physiotherapy, and this has been shown to improve gas exchange, reverse pathological progression, and reduce or avoid the need for artificial ventilation when it is provided very early in other respiratory conditions. For patients with COVID-19, there is limited evidence on its effect, especially in the acute stage and in patients on ventilators. In contrast, in patients after discharge, chest physiotherapy in the form of respiratory muscle training, cough exercise, diaphragmatic training, stretching exercise, and home exercise have resulted in improved FEV1 (L), FVC (L), FEV1/FVC%, diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO%), endurance, and quality of life, and a reduction in anxiety and depression symptoms. However, there are still controversies on whether chest physiotherapy can disperse aerosols and accelerate the rate of spread of the infection, especially since COVID-19 is highly contagious. While some authors believe it is possible, others believe the aerosol generated by chest physiotherapy is not within respirable range. Therefore, measures such as the use of surgical masks, tele-rehabilitation, and self-management tools can be used to limit cross-infection.

简介：AbstractImportance:Within the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic, more attention is warranted for whether this new infectious disease has unique manifestations in children.Objective:To retrospectively determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 35 children with COVID-19 in Beijing, China.Methods:We collected data for 35 children diagnosed with COVID-19 who were admitted to Beijing Ditan Hospital from January 2020 to June 2020, and analyzed their epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, chest imaging findings, treatments, and outcomes.Results:The children comprised 18 boys (51.4%) and 17 girls (48.6%) aged 6 months to 15 years. All patients had clear epidemiological history, with family clusters accounting for 28 cases (80.0%) and clear tracing of exposure to high epidemic areas in the remaining 7 cases (20.0%). Four (11.4%) patients were classified as asymptomatic, 17 (48.6%) as acute upper respiratory infection, and 14 (40.0%) as mild pneumonia, with no severe or critical cases. Clinical manifestations were mild, including fever in 18 (51.4%), cough in 14 (40.0%), and nausea and diarrhea in 7 (20.0%) patients. White blood cell count was mostly normal (26 cases, 74.3%) or decreased (7 cases, 20.0%); lymphocyte percentage was increased in 24 (68.7%); neutrophil percentage was decreased in 25 (71.4%); alanine aminotransferase was increased in 3 (8.6%); and serum potassium was decreased in 4 (11.4%). Time to negative viral nucleic acid testing was 2-42 days (mean: 14.0 ± 9.4 days). Chest imaging examination revealed that 20 patients (57.1%) had different forms of lung inflammation. Treatment was mainly isolation and nutritional support. Eleven patients were treated with interferon atomization inhalation. No patients required oxygen therapy. All 35 children were cured and discharged. Length of hospital stay was 9-54 days (mean: 25.4 ± 13.8 days). During regular follow-up after discharge, 5 children showed positivity again in the viral nucleic acid test and were re-hospitalized for observation and treatment. The mean length of re-hospitalization stay was 10.8 days.Interpretation:Children with COVID-19 mainly become infected within their family, and children of all ages are generally susceptible. The disease in children is mostly mild and the prognosis is good. Nucleic acid tests in some patients become positive again after discharge, suggesting that it is of great significance to carry out centralized isolation medical observations and active nucleic acid tests in close contacts for early detection of patients and routine epidemic prevention and control.

简介：摘要新型冠状病毒（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2，SARS-CoV-2）感染引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019，COVID-19）在世界范围内广泛流行，造成了前所未有的公共卫生灾难，找到有效的药物和治疗方案显得尤为迫切。本文综述了干扰素（IFN）与COVID-19相关的最新研究进展，并重点分析了IFN-λ（III型IFN）抗SARS-CoV-2感染的理论基础，提示IFN-λ具有预防和治疗COVID-19的潜力，同时本文也列举了使用IFN-λ治疗COVID-19存在的潜在风险。

简介：AbstractEffective prophylactic and therapeutic interventions are urgentlyneeded to address the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Various antiviral drugs have recently been tested. Type I interferon (IFN) is a regulatory protein involved in the innate immune response, with broad-spectrum antiviral activities and the ability to directly block viral replication and support the immune response to eliminate virus infection. Insufficient virus-induced type I IFN production is characteristic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, because SARS-CoV-2 suppresses the IFN response by interacting with essential IFN signaling pathways. Exogenous type I IFN is recommended for treating COVID-19. Unexpectedly however, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, which acts as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor, was shown to be stimulated by IFN, raising doubts about the suitability of IFN use. However, further studies have excluded concerns regarding IFN administration. Type I IFNs, including IFN-α1b, have been used clinically as antiviral drugs for many years and have shown strong antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Preliminary clinical studies of type I IFNs, especially when delivered via aerosol inhalation, have demonstrated efficacy for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Randomized controlled trials of IFN for COVID-19 treatment are ongoing.